Consumer Rights Wiki - User contributions [en]

John Deere security flaws exposed sensitive customer information

2025-02-05T20:59:26Z

Dinnerofgourds:

A number of security flaws in the software [[John Deere]] provided could have allowed hackers to find and download the personal data of all owners of the company’s farming vehicles and equipment, according to security researcher Sick Codes, who found the vulnerabilities.<ref name=":0">https://www.vice.com/en/article/bugs-allowed-hackers-to-dox-all-john-deere-owners/</ref> Although John Deere confirmed the existence of the vulnerabilities, they downplayed their impact by stating it was remediated and it did not give "access to customer accounts, dealer accounts, or sensitive personal information."<ref name=":0" /> This was not true according to the security researcher, because on newer farm equipment, the vehicle or equipment owner’s name, their physical address, the equipment’s unique ID, and its Vehicle Identification Number can be seen.<ref name=":0" />

Besides the security flaws, another major part of the controversy was about the way John Deere handled the reporting of security flaws. The researcher claimed it was researched with a developer account, and the current terms and conditions<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20210424021348/https://www.deere.com/en/forms/corporate/it-security-consulting/</ref> for disclosing were followed, but were removed after the incident, among other issues like the previously mentioned downplaying of the impact.<ref name=":1">[[Louis Rossmann - Video Directory]]: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hqablgjQ02g John Deere security flaw exposed address of every customer & more!]</ref>

In the immediate aftermath of the incident, John Deere posted a spate job openings for embedded cyber security engineers to “drive embedded software cybersecurity requirements and security features development” as well as “develop threat models using industry best practices.<ref>https://www.forbes.com/sites/paulfroberts/2021/04/14/184-years-in-ag-giant-john-deere-awaits-its-first-software-vulnerability/</ref> Also close after the incident, John Deere wrote, "This week's forecast: one to three inches of nonsense", which can be interpreted as denying that the recent security flaws were severe.<ref name=":2">[[Louis Rossmann - Video Directory]]: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rB_SleNKBus John Deere instigates hackers, gets hacked again]</ref> John Deere addressed it by stating "We investigated immediately, and the misconfigurations were fixed right away. The important take away here is that our customers' sensitive personal or business information, including financial and agronomic data, was never accessed, which is a point that didn’t come through in the article."<ref>https://www.agriculture.com/news/technology/john-deere-addresses-the-risks-of-living-in-a-digital-world</ref> But that is not true because the researcher claims they could access the data.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

Quite a bit later in 2024, John Deere has also partnered up with HackerOne<ref>https://www.hackerone.com/</ref> to enhance collaborative relationships with security researchers.<ref>https://www.deere.com/en/our-company/digital-security/hackerone-program/</ref>

==References==
<references />
[[Category:John Deere]]
[[Category:Incidents]]
[[Category:Louis Rossmann]]
[[Category:Articles based on videos]]

Take Two

2025-02-05T20:40:29Z

Dinnerofgourds:

'''[[wikipedia:Take-Two_Interactive|Take-Two Interactive Software, Inc.]]''' is an NYC-based video game holding company founded by Ryan Brant in September 1993. The company owns three major publishing labels, Rockstar Games, Zynga and 2K, which operate internal game development studios.{{InfoboxCompany
| Name = Take-Two Interactive Software, Inc.
| Type = Holding Company
| Founded = 1993
| Industry = Video games
| Official Website = https://www.take2games.com/
| Logo = Take-Two_Interactive_logo.png
}}

===Rockstar===
'''[[wikipedia:Rockstar_Games|Rockstar Games, Inc]].''' is an American video-game publisher based in New York City. It is known for action-adventure game franchises such as ''Grand Theft Auto'' and ''Red Dead Redemption.''

==Relevant incidents==

Incidents not mentioned here can be found on the [[:Category:Take-Two Interactive|Take-Two Interactive]] category page.

2K Games - exclusivity contracts (stub)

Much like with EA, 2K has also purchased exclusivity contracts with sports [https://www.operationsports.com/the-nba-and-2k-have-agreed-to-a-huge-new-license-deal-what-does-it-mean/ leagues], thus also restricting options for consumers. (Maybe mention pga or wwe?)

2k - personal data breaches (stub)

[https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/rockstar-owner-take-twos-hacking-woes-continue-as-2k-confirm-attack-on-their-support-service ref a] [https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2k-confirms-user-data-stolen-and-placed-on-sale-after-recent-security-breach ref b]

2k - faulty game launcher (stub)

[https://www.pcgamer.com/2ks-quality-of-life-change-for-bioshock-is-that-linux-users-cant-play-it-anymore/ Ref]

2k - shuttered studios (stub)

[[wikipedia:2K_(company)|Wikipedia page ref]](note: use as springboard, find dedicated sources for history of buyouts and shuttering)

General - Microtransactions (MTX) and lootboxes (stub)

[https://screenrant.com/nba-2k-take-two-microtransactions-lawsuit-sports/ Ref] | should cover all 3 major companies owned by T2, ref covers 2k. Zynga's pioneering of predatory mtx needs to be covered (see cityville and Farmville games.) Rockstar, shark cards in GTAO? No clue how we could shoehorn this one.

Rockstar - GTA The Definitive Trilogy (maybe delete?)

Should require discussion, reluctant to cover since owners of existing legacy trilogy GTAs retained access to their games during the primary launch period, despite initial delisting of OG titles. The trilogy's release was however horrendous, and required several months of redevelopment just to get close to a playable state for those who did purchase the remake.

===''Rockstar - GTA 4'' content removal===
Licensing for some songs in ''GTA 4'' have run out, and updates to the game have been removing content after purchase.<ref>https://support.rockstargames.com/articles/360001005308/Music-Updates-in-Grand-Theft-Auto-IV-The-Lost-and-Damned-and-The-Ballad-of-Gay-Tony</ref> A list of removed songs can be found here<ref>https://gtaforums.com/topic/908139-iv-song-removal-due-to-licenses-expiring/</ref> and here.<ref>https://www.reddit.com/r/Games/comments/8f4crm/the_update_for_gta_4_removes_songs_from_the/</ref> Players who purchased a physical disk copy can enjoy the full soundtrack but cannot update without losing content.

===''Rockstar - GTA 5'' move to kernel-level anti-cheat on PC after purchase===
''GTA 5'' was released in 2013. On September 17, 2024 (11 years after release), Rockstar implemented a controversial update that included a more invasive and dangerous kernel-mode anti-cheat by BattlEye.<ref>https://store.steampowered.com/news/app/271590/view/6356356787200715684?l=english</ref>

This update retroactively restricted online usage on the [[Windows]] OS, despite being fully functional on alternative operating systems like [[Linux]] and [[SteamOS]]. Despite Rockstar's claim that ''GTA 5 Online'' is not supported by [[Steam Deck]],<ref>https://support.rockstargames.com/articles/33490543992467/Grand-Theft-Auto-Online-BattlEye-FAQ</ref> ''GTA 5 Online'' did work prior to this breaking change. Furthermore, BattlEye is compatible with Linux<ref>https://x.com/TheBattlEye/status/1441477816311291906</ref>, and compatibility can be enabled by email,<ref>https://www.gamingonlinux.com/2021/11/supporting-linux-proton-and-the-steam-deck-with-battleye-is-just-an-email-away/</ref> yet Rockstar deliberately chooses not to take minimal steps to enable support.

In response, [[Valve]] has issued refunds for some Steam Deck and Linux users<ref>https://www.notebookcheck.net/Steam-grants-GTA-V-refunds-after-anti-cheat-strands-Steam-Deck-gamers-in-compatibility-purgatory.891105.0.html</ref> based on some criteria, such as hours played on Linux / Steam Deck.

Additionally, anti-cheat systems can be incredibly invasive with the ability to scan user's files and processes, including hardware identifiers, according to the [[privacy policy]]:<ref>https://www.battleye.com/privacy-policy/</ref> <blockquote>
*IP address
*Game identifiers (e.g., in-game name, account ID)
*Hardware device information and identifiers (e.g., serial numbers)
*Information about the running operating system
*Information about files and memory related to the game or operating system
*Information about running processes, drivers, and other executable code
*File names included in other information listed here, which might also contain your operating-system user name
</blockquote>Because of the inherent privacy and security risks associated with kernel-mode anti-cheat, players and developers are demanding more transparency in the usage of kernel-mode software included in games. In response, Valve added a new transparency requirement for developers and publishers to disclose the use of more invasive kernel-mode anti-cheat solutions:<ref>https://steamcommunity.com/groups/steamworks/announcements/detail/4547038620960934857</ref><blockquote>We've heard from more and more developers recently that they're looking for the right way to share anti-cheat information about their game with players. At the same time, players have been requesting more transparency around the anti-cheat services used in games, as well as the existence of any additional software that will be installed within the game.</blockquote><blockquote>Going forward, when you submit a new game to Steam, '''if your game installs a client side, kernel mode anti-cheat, you will need to fill out this new field'''. We will be going through old games and contacting partners with games that fall into this category.

If your game contains a client or server based anti-cheat that is not kernel based, submitting the field is optional but we generally think that any game that makes use of anti-cheat technology would benefit from letting players know.</blockquote><blockquote>'''Specifying Kernel-level Integration''' - Select this to let players know that your anti-cheat integration installs or modifies files at the OS kernel level for any modes of your game. This is automatically selected or disabled for the relevant common anti-cheat services in the drop-down menu.</blockquote>Kernel mode anti-cheat solutions carry inherently more risks to the player, as the anti-cheat installs drivers with elevated permissions and sometimes contains vulnerabilities<ref>https://www.trendmicro.com/en_us/research/22/h/ransomware-actor-abuses-genshin-impact-anti-cheat-driver-to-kill-antivirus.html</ref> that can leave the user machine and data at risk, far beyond the risks when the software is isolated to user-mode permissions. Even Rockstar's own instructions suggest adding an exception to anti-virus, only increasing risk to players.<blockquote>While BattlEye is compatible with most antivirus software, you may run into issues if your antivirus does not recognize BattlEye. To avoid any potential problems, make sure to add BattlEye to your antivirus’ exception list.</blockquote>

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Take-Two Interactive]]
[[Category:Articles in need of additional work]]

Voice over LTE

2025-02-05T18:55:00Z

Dinnerofgourds: Punctuations, grammatical issues such as "starting advising", double verbs. Lack of commas makes some statements too long, added them to separate ideas in sentences better. Changed anything that had "be able to" to reduce excessive word usage and to add more confident language to some statements. Shortened sentences here and there.

__TOC__

[[wikipedia:Voice_over_LTE|'''Voice over Long-Term-Evolution''']] or '''VoLTE''' is a type of VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) calling that allows voice calls to be made over the 4G/LTE (Long-Term Evolution) mobile networks.<ref>[https://www.gsma.com/solutions-and-impact/technologies/networks/ip_services/volte/ "VoLTE (Voice over LTE) - Networks"] - GSMA</ref>
[[File:VoLTE Settings - Android 12 - Xperia 1 II.png|thumb|654x654px|VoLTE Settings - Android 12 - Xperia 1 II]]
Unlike 2G or 3G, 4G/LTE and 5G/NR are data-only standards and have no built-in calling functionality, let alone one as well standardized as the traditional Circuited Switched calling from 2G and 3G (GSM/UMTS). This poses an issue for consumers, since enabling 4G or 5G calling on devices requires explicit carrier software or firmware support, including for Emergency Calling. Two identical phones running different carrier software can have different VoLTE Calling and Emergency Calling functionality on various networks.<ref>[https://www.gsma.com/solutions-and-impact/technologies/networks/documents-volte/ "VoLTE - Documents"] GSMA</ref>

Voice over LTE, aka ‘4G Calling', is a software-/firmware-based calling solution for mobile sector. The world has used VoIP Calling for decades, but introducing VoIP data based calling into the mobile sector has proven very difficult. VoLTE devices have been around since as early as 2013. Over many years, however, the industry has failed to ensure interoperability.<ref name=":2">[https://eena.org/blog/webinars/volte-standardisation-problem/ "EENA - Ensuring continuity of access to emergency services/VoLTE Standardisation Problem"]. ''EENA''. 22 September 2022. Retrieved 7 August 2024.</ref>

With 2G or 3G still in service, consumers do not experience any loss in device functionality by switching to a competing provider. However, with the shutdown of 2G/3G services, consumers may no longer make nor receive standard phone calls on their existing 4G devices with their preferred mobile carriers. This also impacts Emergency Calls and Roaming Calls, as not all devices that support VoLTE calling can place Emergency Calls or Roaming Calls over 4G.

Due to the compatibility and standardization issues with VoLTE, the ability for consumers to use devices purchased from any provider in the world will no longer exist like it did with 2G and 3G (Circuit Switched) networks.

Currently, phone carriers can use this telco Specific VoLTE firmware requirement as a stealthy way of network locking their devices, which prevent customers from switching to competitors or from using ‘BYO’ devices.<ref>[https://independentaustralia.net/politics/politics-display/australias-3g-shutdown-why-your-4g5g-phone-is-now-blocked,19159 "Australia’s 3G shutdown: Why your 4G/5G phone is now blocked - Independent Australia"] - 12 November 2024</ref> Handset makers and network operators also engage in behavior that restricts the use of devices on different networks and otherwise anti-competitive behavior.<ref>[https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Hansard/Hansard_Display?bid=committees/commsen/28167/&sid=0000 "3G Shutdown Inquiry - Committee Hansard - 23 July 2024 Parliament of Australia"] - aph.gov.au</ref>

==Issues with device compatibility==
VoLTE has been supported with Qualcomm Snapdragon Chipsets since at least 2013/2014 (e.g., Snapdragon 800/801), but not all Android devices that have been sold have VoLTE enabled by the manufacturer.<ref>"[https://www.qualcomm.com/products/mobile/snapdragon/smartphones/snapdragon-8-series-mobile-platforms/snapdragon-processors-800 Snapdragon 800 Processor]". ''Qualcomm''. Retrieved 8 August 2024.</ref><ref>"[https://www.qualcomm.com/news/releases/2014/07/qualcomm-announces-first-large-scale-commercial-volte-launch-japan Qualcomm Announces First Large-Scale Commercial VoLTE Launch in Japan]". ''Qualcomm''. 8 July 2014. Retrieved 8 August 2024.</ref> In many instances, devices will also lack the correct carrier network configurations/profiles to support VoLTE calling on all networks.<ref>"[https://www.gsma.com/newsroom/article/new-gsma-volte-specification-removes-market-fragmentation/ New GSMA VoLTE Specification Removes Market Fragmentation]". ''GSMA''. 28 July 2016. Retrieved 8 August 2024.</ref>

Unlike calling with 2G and 3G, there is no single configuration for VoLTE that all devices and networks universally support. Some networks support the GSMA IR.92 'Open Market Device' Configuration.<ref name=":1">Parker, James (31 August 2024). "[https://medium.com/@jamesdwho/how-to-check-for-working-volte-calling-on-android-8c343362ecfe How to Check for Working 4G VoLTE Calling on Android Handsets | The Problems with VoLTE Interoperability & Standardisation]". ''Medium.com''. Retrieved 2 September 2024.</ref> This configuration is intended as a generic/global VoLTE configuration that can be used by Open Market (non-carrier) devices.<ref>Doug Makishima, GSMA (1 December 2015). [https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-T/Workshops-and-Seminars/conformity-interoperability/20150112/Documents/Abstracts%20and%20Presentations/S3P5_Doug_Makishima.pdf "ITU Workshop on "Voice and Video over LTE""] (PDF). ''ITU''.</ref> 4G/LTE Devices that lack native VoLTE calling support are reliant on 2G/3G Networks to make or receive calls (via Circuit Switched Fallback - CSFB). Without either 2G or 3G Networks, those devices do not have call service.

A device may be marketed as having VoLTE support. However, the device may only make calls on some networks due to varying network configurations and VoLTE standardization issues.<ref name="EENA2022">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sHjyLmFt-eg "EENA 2022: Access to emergency services is being impacted by the lack of VoLTE interoperability"]. ''YouTube''. 31 May 2022. Retrieved 7 August 2024.</ref>

In some instances, the retail versions of devices have been sold without VoLTE Calling on any networks (depending on brand/market/region). However, the exact same device purchased directly from a carrier (with carrier software) will support VoLTE on that carrier network.<ref name="HughVoLTE">Hugh Jeffreys (26 November 2023). [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q6qb9dml6So "Carriers are Killing 4G & 3G Devices - Your 4G Phone May Soon Stop Working"]. ''YouTube''.</ref><ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RPlTz-3estM "Australia Blocked Internationally Purchased 4G/5G Phones As Part of 3G Shutdown - Starting 28th Oct"] - 29 September 2024 - Youtube.com - Hugh Jeffreys</ref> Equally, some handsets purchased from another carrier or from another market may not be configured (in software) to support VoLTE on all networks within a given country. This issue primarily affects Android Phones and non-Apple devices. The iPhone 6 (2014) with iOS 10 and other newer devices support VoLTE calling on most networks. On the iPhone 5 and 5s, though, 4G/LTE devices do not support VoLTE calling.<ref>[https://support.apple.com/en-us/111954 "iPhone 6 - Technical Specifications"]. ''apple.com''. Retrieved 8 August 2024.</ref><ref>[https://www.telstra.com.au/support/mobiles-devices/enable-volte-mobile-phone "How do I enable VoLTE on my mobile phone?"]. ''Telstra''. Retrieved 8 August 2024.</ref><ref>[https://assistance-1.free.fr/mobile/terminaux/ "Free France - Mobile Phone Compatibility - VoLTE"]. free.fr</ref>

For example, for an Android device to have VoLTE Calling on the [[Telstra]] network, the device must run a [[Telstra]] Modem Configuration. Devices that run the GSMA 'Open Market Device' configuration or another carrier's configuration cannot get working VoLTE calling on the [[Telstra]] network. This limitation prevents Telstra customers from using Open Market Devices which do not have native Firmware support for the Telstra Network. Open Market configuration devices can work on competing Australian providers Optus & Vodafone.<ref name=":1">Parker, James (31 August 2024). "[https://medium.com/@jamesdwho/how-to-check-for-working-volte-calling-on-android-8c343362ecfe How to Check for Working 4G VoLTE Calling on Android Handsets | The Problems with VoLTE Interoperability & Standardisation]". ''Medium.com''. Retrieved 2 September 2024.</ref><ref name="HughVoLTE">Hugh Jeffreys (26 November 2023). [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q6qb9dml6So "Carriers are Killing 4G & 3G Devices - Your 4G Phone May Soon Stop Working"]. ''YouTube''.</ref>

With some Qualcomm based Android devices, it is possible to modify the device firmware with special software and then manually load a compatible carrier modem configuration.<ref name=":1">Parker, James (31 August 2024). "[https://medium.com/@jamesdwho/how-to-check-for-working-volte-calling-on-android-8c343362ecfe How to Check for Working 4G VoLTE Calling on Android Handsets | The Problems with VoLTE Interoperability & Standardisation]". ''Medium.com''. Retrieved 2 September 2024.</ref> By modifying the firmware, customers can use VoLTE calling; however, the carrier may not recognize those devices as supported despite working correctly.

For example, starting in May 2024, Telstra started forcing a pre-recorded message with all outbound calls advising affected customers to upgrade in advance of the 3G shutdown in August. However, even customers with modified and working VoLTE devices on Telstra were hearing the message every time they made a 4G VoLTE call.<ref>[https://reddit.com/r/oneplus/comments/1aebdxz/unlock_volte_in_australia_oneplus_5_6_7_8_9/ "Unlock VoLTE in Australia Oneplus 5, 6, 7, 8, 9"]. ''Reddit''. 30 January 2024. Retrieved 8 August 2024.</ref> This is due to Telstra relying on established lists of 'compatible' devices they sold (i.e. Device IMEI/TAC codes).<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zIJavqEzEIw "Australia’s New Firewall IMEI BLOCKED 516,875 Active Phones Overnight + Tourists Phones Blocked"] - youtube.com - Hugh Jeffreys - 10 Nov 2024</ref>
[[File:Android IMS Status for Voice over LTE.jpg|thumb|280x280px|Android IMS Status for Voice over LTE]]
Android users are able to confirm if VoLTE is working by checking for the Device 'IMS Status' within a hidden Radio Info Debug menu.<ref name=":1">Parker, James (31 August 2024). "[https://medium.com/@jamesdwho/how-to-check-for-working-volte-calling-on-android-8c343362ecfe How to Check for Working 4G VoLTE Calling on Android Handsets | The Problems with VoLTE Interoperability & Standardisation]". ''Medium.com''. Retrieved 2 September 2024.</ref><ref>[https://www.androidpolice.com/best-secret-codes-for-android/ "The best secret short codes for your Android phone"]. ''Android Police''. 27 June 2024.</ref>

If the IMS Status shows "'''IMS Registration: Registered'''" and "'''Voice over LTE: Available'''" then VoLTE is enabled and working. An IMS Status of "'''Not Registered'''" and "'''Voice over LTE: Unavailable'''" indicates VoLTE is not enabled or working. However, the IMS Status debug '''does not''' confirm working 4G Emergency Calling support.<ref name=":0">Parker, James (1 September 2024). [https://medium.com/@jamesdwho/the-little-known-problems-with-volte-emergency-calling-3d4cdaf0e042 "The Little Known Problems with VoLTE Emergency Calling | How to Test for 4G Emergency Calling Support on Android"]. ''Medium.com''. Retrieved 2 September 2024.</ref>

For VoLTE calling to be "Available" on a device, VoLTE has to be both provisioned/enabled in the Firmware, and a carrier compatible modem configuration/profile must be loaded on the device. Typically, the modem configurations are automatically loaded by the device firmware when inserting a sim card. However, not all devices are configured to detect the sim cards for all networks and enable VoLTE Calling.<ref name=":1">Parker, James (31 August 2024). "[https://medium.com/@jamesdwho/how-to-check-for-working-volte-calling-on-android-8c343362ecfe How to Check for Working 4G VoLTE Calling on Android Handsets | The Problems with VoLTE Interoperability & Standardisation]". ''Medium.com''. Retrieved 2 September 2024.</ref>

The IMS Status debug can also indicate if Wi-Fi Calling (Voice over Wi-Fi) and Video Calling (VoLTE/Video Telephony) are available.

''(Note: For Wi-Fi Calling to say Available, the device has to be connected to a suitable Wi-Fi Network).''

Additionally, devices with a "UT Interface" status of "Unavailable" will be unable to change Call Forwarding or Call Busy Settings over 4G/LTE.

''Note: UT Interface is not required for VoLTE Calling. UT Interface is only required to change supplementary service settings (i.e. call forwarding) on a 4G/LTE only network. Devices without an "Available" UT Interface are reliant on 2G/3G networks to change call forwarding/busy settings.''

==VoLTE emergency calling==
[[File:VoLTE Emergency Calling Android 8.0.png|thumb|391x391px|VoLTE Emergency Calling Android]]
Not all devices that have been sold as 'VoLTE capable' support making calls to Emergency Numbers over 4G/LTE with VoLTE.<ref name=":2" /> Some carriers and manufacturers have disabled the ability for phones to call Emergency Services with VoLTE and the devices reliant on 2G or 3G Networks to make calls to Emergency Services.<ref>[https://eena.org/knowledge-hub/press-releases/the-potential-perils-of-2g-and-3g-switch-offs/ "The Potential Perils of 2G and 3G Switch Offs"]. ''EENA''. 12 September 2022. Retrieved 7 August 2024.</ref>

In 2022 at the European Emergency Number Association (EENA) Conference, Telecoms Expert Rudolf van der Berg made a presentation to the Conference outlining serious compatibility issues with VoLTE Calling and Emergency Calling. One of the major issues he raised is that many 4G/LTE Phones (both European & International) are completely unable to call (911/112) Emergency services without the presence of 2G/3G (Circuit Switched Calling) Networks.<ref name="EENA2022" />

These issues are not well known to the general public. However, in his EENA presentation, he said these issues are '''''“Common Knowledge”''''' in the industry and that '''''“..there is nobody who feels responsible to fix this."'''(16:45)'' <ref name="EENA2022" />

On a slide in his presentation, it said "'...[the] telecom sector will deny [there’s a problem], be angry over 5G investment, and bargain for half-baked measures..'"

A device can have working VoLTE calling (IMS Registration) on a network but may not be able to successfully make calls to emergency numbers over 4G. For Android devices, there are methods to test a device for 4G Emergency Calling support; however, such testing may require third-party software and tools to perform. Simply dialing an Emergency Number on a 4G device is '''not''' sufficient to test if a device can make VoLTE Emergency Calls.<ref name=":0" />

Depending on signal strength and other factors, a device may default to 2G or 3G networks (if available). Furthermore, a 4G/LTE device may say ''“Emergency Calls Only”'' within the system settings or notifications area, but that message does not prove the device can actually make an Emergency call over 4G/LTE.<ref name=":0" /> Additionally, a device may be configured for 4G Emergency Calls in a given region but fail to connect when placing a 4G Call in another country or on another network. These devices will generally get stuck on 'calling' and the call will never go through, even though a 2G or 3G network is available.

Prior to the March 2024 Switch-off of 3G Networks in Australia, the Federal Government announced that more than 740,000 4G VoLTE enabled phones would no longer be able to call Emergency Services after the 3G Networks were switched off.<ref>[https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-04-08/million-iphone-android-devices-caught-out-3g-shutdown/103673864 "More than a million older 4G mobile phones at risk of being blocked from making triple-0 calls in 3G shutdown"]. ''ABC News Australia''. 8 April 2024. Retrieved 7 August 2024.</ref> In early April 2024, this number was increased to more than 1 million devices.

Telstra was originally set to switch off their 3G Network on 30 June 2024. Telstra extended their switch off to 31 August in early May 2024.<ref>[https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-05-06/telstra-to-extend-3g-network-shutdown/103808110 "Telstra to Extend 3G Shutdown' - Jane Norman – 6 May 2024"]. ''ABC News''. 6 May 2024. Retrieved 7 August 2024.</ref> On 14 August 2024, Telstra and Optus further extended the 3G switch off date to 28 October 2024.<ref>[https://www.optus.com.au/about/media-centre/media-releases/2024/08/optus-and-telstra-announce-extension-to-3g-network-closures "Telstra and Optus announce extension to 3G network closures"]. ''optus.com.au''. 14 August 2024.</ref> Vodafone completed their 3G switch off in early January 2024.<ref>[https://www.vodafone.com.au/support/network/3g-closure "We have switched off our 3G network"]. ''Vodafone Australia''. Retrieved 2024-09-02.</ref>

==Qualcomm modem configurations and VoLTE compatibility==
Below are two tables of Qualcomm Modem configurations that were tested on Australian 4G/LTE Networks ([[Telstra]], Optus and Vodafone AU/TPG Telecom) in addition to 000 ‘Triple Zero’ (112) 4G Emergency Calls. The modem configurations/profiles specify the exact settings a device modem needs to use in order to communicate with a particular carrier network. This can include information for VoLTE Calling, Wi-Fi Calling, Video Calling and band aggregation, amongst other factors.

As raised in the 2022 EENA Presentation by Rudolf van der Berg, phones in many countries have been specifically configured via software/firmware to block access to Emergency Services over 4G and entirely rely on 2G/3G.<ref name="EENA2022" />

As shown in the below tables, there are major inconsistencies when making VoLTE calls between various networks. Only about ~33% of the various tested network configurations support emergency calling over 4G.

It is also worth noting that devices running the Singtel Modem Configuration do not work on the Optus network despite Singtel being the parent company. 4G Emergency calls also do not work with the tested Singtel Modem Configurations. As shown below, devices running a generic GSMA IR.92 ‘Open Market Device’ VoLTE configuration can work on competing Australian networks Optus & Vodafone/TPG including for Emergency Calls on all Australian networks.
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="text-align:left;"
|+MBN modem configurations: Qualcomm Snapdragon 820 chipset (2016) test results<ref name=":0" />
|- style="background-color:#D9D9D9;"
!MBN modem configurations Qualcomm SD 820 chipset (2016)
!Network name
! colspan="2" |Country
! style="background-color:#FF0;" |'No Sim' VoLTE Emergency Calls
!Optus VoLTE
!Vodafone AU VoLTE
!Telstra VoLTE
|-
|bell_ims_tar.mbn
|Bell CA
| colspan="2" |Canada
| style="background-color:#B7E1CD;" |Yes
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No *
| style="background-color:#ED4335;" |No
|-
|bouygues_france_volte_vilte_tar.mbn
|Bouygues Telecom
| colspan="2" |France
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No
| style="background-color:#B7E1CD;" |Yes
| style="background-color:#B7E1CD;" |Yes *
| style="background-color:#ED4335;" |No
|-
|china_mobile_hk_ims_tar.mbn
|China Mobile HK
| colspan="2" |China/HK
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No *
| style="background-color:#ED4335;" |No
|-
|cht_ims_tar.mbn
|Chunghwa Telecom
| colspan="2" |Taiwan
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No *
| style="background-color:#ED4335;" |No
|-
|claro_br_ims_tar.mbn
|Claro
| colspan="2" |Brazil
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No *
| style="background-color:#ED4335;" |No
|-
|du_ims_tar.mbn
|Du Mobile
| colspan="2" |UAE
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No *
| style="background-color:#ED4335;" |No
|-
|ee_ims_tar.mbn
|EE
| colspan="2" |UK
| style="background-color:#B7E1CD;" |Yes
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No *
| style="background-color:#ED4335;" |No
|-
|emt_estonia_ims_tar.mbn
|EMT/Telia Estonia
| colspan="2" |Estonia
| style="background-color:#B7E1CD;" |Yes
| style="background-color:#B7E1CD;" |Yes
| style="background-color:#B7E1CD;" |Yes *
| style="background-color:#ED4335;" |No
|-
|hutch_uk_ims_tar.mbn
|3 (Three) UK
| colspan="2" |UK
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No
| style="background-color:#B7E1CD;" |Yes
| style="background-color:#B7E1CD;" |Yes *
| style="background-color:#ED4335;" |No
|-
|hutch_uk_volte_vowifi_tar.mbn
|3 (Three) UK
| colspan="2" |UK
| style="background-color:#B7E1CD;" |Yes
| style="background-color:#B7E1CD;" |Yes
| style="background-color:#B7E1CD;" |Yes *
| style="background-color:#ED4335;" |No
|- style="background-color:#E2EFD9;"
|ir51_ir92_ims_gte_tar.mbn
|VoLTE + WiFi Call
| colspan="2" |GSMA Open Mkt
| style="background-color:#B7E1CD;" |Yes
| style="background-color:#B7E1CD;" |Yes
| style="background-color:#B7E1CD;" |Yes
| style="background-color:#ED4335;" |No
|- style="background-color:#E2EFD9;"
|ir92_ims_gte_tar.mbn
|GSMA IR.92 VoLTE
| colspan="2" |GSMA Open Mkt
| style="background-color:#B7E1CD;" |Yes
| style="background-color:#B7E1CD;" |Yes
| style="background-color:#B7E1CD;" |Yes *
| style="background-color:#ED4335;" |No
|-
|optus_ims_tar.mbn
|Optus
| colspan="2" |Australia
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No
| style="background-color:#B7E1CD;" |Yes
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No
| style="background-color:#ED4335;" |No
|-
|orange_france_ims_tar.mbn
|Orange FR
| colspan="2" |France
| style="background-color:#B7E1CD;" |Yes
| style="background-color:#B7E1CD;" |Yes
| style="background-color:#B7E1CD;" |Yes
| style="background-color:#ED4335;" |No
|-
|orange_poland_ims_tar.mbn
|Orange PL
| colspan="2" |Poland
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No
| style="background-color:#B7E1CD;" |Yes
| style="background-color:#B7E1CD;" |Yes *
| style="background-color:#ED4335;" |No
|-
|orange_spain_ims_tar.mbn
|Orange ES
| colspan="2" |Spain
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No
| style="background-color:#B7E1CD;" |Yes *
| style="background-color:#B7E1CD;" |Yes
| style="background-color:#ED4335;" |No
|-
|reliance_jio_ims_tar.mbn
|Jio Mobile
| colspan="2" |India
| style="background-color:#B7E1CD;" |Yes
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No *
| style="background-color:#ED4335;" |No
|-
|rogers_ims_tar.mbn
|Rogers CA
| colspan="2" |Canada
| style="background-color:#B7E1CD;" |Yes
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No *
| style="background-color:#ED4335;" |No
|-
|sfr_france_ims_tar.mbn
|SFR FR
| colspan="2" |France
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No
| style="background-color:#B7E1CD;" |Yes *
| style="background-color:#B7E1CD;" |Yes
| style="background-color:#ED4335;" |No
|-
|singtel_ims_tar.mbn
|Singtel SG
| colspan="2" |Singapore
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No *
| style="background-color:#ED4335;" |No
|-
|starhub_ims_tar.mbn
|Starhub SG
| colspan="2" |Singapore
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No *
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No
| style="background-color:#ED4335;" |No
|-
|swisscom_switzerland_ims_tar.mbn
|Swisscom CH
| colspan="2" |Switzerland
| style="background-color:#B7E1CD;" |Yes
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No *
| style="background-color:#ED4335;" |No
|-
|amss_fsg_dora_tar.mbn
|Default Config
| colspan="2" |Global
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No
| style="background-color:#ED4335;" |No
|-
|tele2_netherlands_ims_tar.mbn
|Tele2 NL
| colspan="2" |Netherlands
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No
| style="background-color:#B7E1CD;" |Yes *
| style="background-color:#B7E1CD;" |Yes
| style="background-color:#ED4335;" |No
|-
|telefonica_germany_ims_tar.mbn
|O2 DE
| colspan="2" |Germany
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No *
| style="background-color:#ED4335;" |No
|-
|telefonica_spain_ims_tar.mbn
|O2 ES
| colspan="2" |Spain
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No *
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No
| style="background-color:#ED4335;" |No
|-
|telefonica_uk_ims_tar.mbn
|O2 UK
| colspan="2" |UK
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No
| style="background-color:#B7E1CD;" |Yes
| style="background-color:#B7E1CD;" |Yes
| style="background-color:#ED4335;" |No
|-
|telekom_czech_ims_tar.mbn
|T Mobile CZ
| colspan="2" |Czech
| style="background-color:#B7E1CD;" |Yes
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No *
| style="background-color:#ED4335;" |No
|-
|telekom_germany_ims_tar.mbn
|Telekom DE
| colspan="2" |Germany
| style="background-color:#B7E1CD;" |Yes
| style="background-color:#B7E1CD;" |Yes
| style="background-color:#B7E1CD;" |Yes *
| style="background-color:#ED4335;" |No
|-
|telstra_ims_tar.mbn
|Telstra
| colspan="2" |Australia
| style="background-color:#B7E1CD;" |Yes
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No *
| style="background-color:#B7E1CD;" |Yes
|-
|vha_ims_tar.mbn
|Vodafone AU
| colspan="2" |Australia
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No
| style="background-color:#B7E1CD;" |Yes
| style="background-color:#B7E1CD;" |Yes
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No
|-
|vodafone_germany_ims_tar.mbn
|Vodafone DE
| colspan="2" |Germany
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No
| style="background-color:#B7E1CD;" |Yes
| style="background-color:#B7E1CD;" |Yes *
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No
|-
|vodafone_nl_ims_tar.mbn
|Vodafone NL
| colspan="2" |Netherlands
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No
| style="background-color:#B7E1CD;" |Yes
| style="background-color:#B7E1CD;" |Yes *
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No
|-
|vodafone_spain_ims_tar.mbn
|Vodafone ES
| colspan="2" |Spain
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No
| style="background-color:#B7E1CD;" |Yes
| style="background-color:#B7E1CD;" |Yes *
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No
|-
|vodafone_uk_ims_tar.mbn
|Vodafone UK
| colspan="2" |UK
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No
| style="background-color:#B7E1CD;" |Yes
| style="background-color:#B7E1CD;" |Yes
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No
|- style="background-color:#F2F2F2;"
| colspan="4" style="font-style:italic; border-right:1px solid #f2f2f2" |''* = Estimated Result based on other network testing - Tested Q2 2024''
| colspan="4" style="text-align:right;" |''Test Device: Sony Xperia XP F8131 - 2018 Android 8.0 Firmware''
|}

For reference, the Snapdragon 820 chipset (2016) was used in some of the following devices:<ref>[https://www.gsmarena.com/results.php3?sChipset=2,3 "Phone Finder - Snapdragon 820 + 821 Devices"] - gsmarena.com</ref>

*Samsung Galaxy S7 and S7 Edge (USA)
*Sony Xperia XZ
*OnePlus 3
*LG G5
*Google Pixel 1 (Snapdragon 821)
*HTC 10
*HTC U Ultra (Snapdragon 821)

{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="vertical-align:middle;"
|+MBN modem configurations: Qualcomm Snapdragon 835 chipset (2017) test results<ref name=":0" />
|- style="background-color:#D9D9D9;"
!MBN modem configurations Qualcomm SD 835 chipset (2017)
! colspan="2" |Network name
!Country
! style="background-color:#FF0;" |'No Sim' VoLTE Emergency Calls
!Optus VoLTE
!Vodafone AU VoLTE
!Telstra VoLTE
|-
|bouygues_france_ims_tar.mbn
| colspan="2" |Bouygues Telecom
|France
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No
|-
|ee_ims_tar.mbn
| colspan="2" |EE
|UK
| style="background-color:#B7E1CD;" |Yes
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No *
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No
|-
|emt_estonia_volte_vilte_tar.mbn
| colspan="2" |EMT/Telia Estonia
|Estonia
| style="background-color:#F00;" |'''NO - Call Fails'''
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No *
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No
|-
|hutch_uk_volte_vowifi_tar.mbn
| colspan="2" |3 (Three) UK
|UK
| style="background-color:#B7E1CD;" |Yes
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No
|- style="background-color:#E2EFD9;"
|ir51_ir92_ims_gte_tar.mbn
| colspan="2" |VoLTE + WiFi Call
|GSMA Open Mkt
| style="background-color:#B7E1CD;" |Yes
| style="background-color:#B7E1CD;" |Yes
| style="background-color:#B7E1CD;" |Yes
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No
|- style="background-color:#E2EFD9;"
|ir51_ir92_ims_tar.mbn
| colspan="2" |VoLTE + WiFi Call
|GSMA Open Mkt
| style="background-color:#B7E1CD;" |Yes
| style="background-color:#B7E1CD;" |Yes
| style="background-color:#B7E1CD;" |Yes
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No
|-
|kpn_netherlands_ims_tar.mbn
| colspan="2" |KPN NL
|Netherlands
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No *
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No
|-
|optus_au_ims_tar.mbn
| colspan="2" |Optus
|Australia
| style="background-color:#B7E1CD;" |Yes
| style="background-color:#B7E1CD;" |Yes
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No
|-
|orange_france_pp_volte_vowifi_tar.mbn
| colspan="2" |Orange FR
|France
| style="background-color:#B7E1CD;" |Yes
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No *
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No
| style="background-color:#ED4335;" |No
|-
|orange_france_volte_vowifi_tar.mbn
| colspan="2" |Orange FR
|France
| style="background-color:#B7E1CD;" |Yes
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No *
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No
|-
|orange_romania_ims_tar.mbn
| colspan="2" |Orange RO
|Romania
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No *
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No
|-
|orange_spain_ims_tar.mbn
| colspan="2" |Orange ES
|Spain
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No *
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No
|-
|tele2_netherlands_ims_tar.mbn
| colspan="2" |Tele2 NL
|Netherlands
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No *
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No
|-
|telefonica_uk_ims_tar.mbn
| colspan="2" |O2 UK
|UK
| style="background-color:#F00;" |'''NO - Call Fails'''
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No
|-
|telekom_netherlands_ims_tar.mbn
| colspan="2" |T-Mobile NL
|Netherlands
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No *
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No
|-
|telia_lithuania_ims_tar.mbn
| colspan="2" |Telia Lithuania
|Lithuania
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No *
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No
|-
|telkom_za_ims_tar.mbn
| colspan="2" |Telkom ZA
|South Africa
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No *
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No
|-
|telstra_au_ims_tar.mbn
| colspan="2" |Telstra
|Australia
| style="background-color:#B7E1CD;" |Yes
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No
| style="background-color:#B7E1CD;" |Yes
|-
|vha_au_ims_tar.mbn
| colspan="2" |Vodafone AU
|Australia
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No
| style="background-color:#B7E1CD;" |Yes
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No
|-
|vodacom_za_ims_tar.mbn
| colspan="2" |Vodacom ZA
|South Africa
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No
|-
|vodafone_germany_volte_vowifi_tar.mbn
| colspan="2" |Vodafone DE
|Germany
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No *
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No
|-
|vodafone_spain_ims_tar.mbn
| colspan="2" |Vodafone ES
|Spain
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No
|-
|vodafone_uk_volte_vowifi_tar.mbn
| colspan="2" |Vodafone UK
|UK
| style="background-color:#F00;" |'''NO - Call Fails'''
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No *
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No
| style="background-color:#EA4335;" |No
|- style="background-color:#F2F2F2;"
| colspan="4" style="font-style:italic; border-right:1px solid #f2f2f2" |''* = Estimated Result based on other network testing - Tested Q2 2024''
| colspan="4" style="text-align:right;" |''Test Device: Sony Xperia XZ1 (XZ1C/XZP) - 2019 Android 9.0 Firmware''
|}

The Snapdragon 835 chipset (2017) was used in some of the following devices:<ref>[https://www.gsmarena.com/results.php3?sChipset=1 "Phone Finder - Snapdragon 835 Devices"] - gsmarena.com</ref>

*Samsung Galaxy S8 (USA & China)
*Samsung Galaxy Note 8 (USA & China)
*Sony Xperia XZ Premium
*Sony Xperia XZ1 and XZ1 Compact
*OnePlus 5 and 5T
*LG V30
*Google Pixel 2
*HTC U11 and U11+

==References==
<references />
__FORCETOC__

[[Category:Protocols]]