Consumer Rights Wiki - User contributions [en]

File:Apple Gatekeeper logo.png

2025-05-08T15:34:12Z

Nullpoint420: Remove incorrect category classification (still learning WikiMedia!)

==Summary==

File:Apple Gatekeeper logo.png

2025-05-08T15:32:53Z

Nullpoint420: [Category:Logo]

== Summary ==
[Category:Logo]

Apple Gatekeeper

2025-05-08T15:29:49Z

Nullpoint420: Created Apple Gatekeeper page

{{InfoboxProductLine
| Title = Gatekeeper
| Release Year = 2012
| Product Type = Security Technology
| In Production = Yes
| Official Website = https://support.apple.com/guide/security/gatekeeper-and-runtime-protection-sec5599b66df/web
| Logo =
}}
'''Gatekeeper''' is a security technology built into Apple's macOS operating system designed to ensure that only trusted software runs on a user's Mac computer. First introduced in Mac OS X Mountain Lion (10.8) in 2012, Gatekeeper checks applications downloaded from the internet for known malicious content before allowing them to run. While promoted as a security feature to protect users from malware, Gatekeeper has also been criticized for restricting user freedom and reinforcing Apple's control over software distribution.<ref name=":0">Apple Support. "Gatekeeper and runtime protection in macOS." https://support.apple.com/guide/security/gatekeeper-and-runtime-protection-sec5599b66df/web</ref>

==Consumer impact summary==

===User Freedom===

Gatekeeper restricts users' ability to install and run software of their choice by default, requiring extra steps to run non-Apple-approved applications and creating a closed ecosystem that limits choice.

===User Privacy===

While positioned as protecting privacy, Gatekeeper requires online verification of apps, which involves sending data to Apple's servers about software usage patterns.

===Business Model===

The technology reinforces Apple's walled garden approach, directing users to the App Store ecosystem where Apple collects a 15-30% commission on all software sales.

===Market Control===

By implementing increasingly strict security measures, Apple has gained significant control over which software developers can effectively distribute applications to Mac users, potentially stifling competition and innovation.

==Incidents==
This is a list of all consumer protection incidents related to this product.

===Hidden "Anywhere" option (2016)===
In macOS Sierra (10.12), Apple removed the "Allow applications downloaded from: Anywhere" option from the Security & Privacy settings, making it harder for users to disable Gatekeeper restrictions. While technically still possible to disable through Terminal commands, this change represents a deliberate effort to obscure user choice and make it more difficult for average users to exercise control over their own computers.<ref>Wikipedia. "Gatekeeper (macOS)." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gatekeeper_(macOS)</ref>

===Mandatory notarization requirement (2019)===
In macOS Catalina (released in 2019), Apple made it mandatory for all software distributed outside the Mac App Store to be "notarized" by Apple to run without Gatekeeper warnings. This controversial move required all developers to submit their applications to Apple for review before distribution, effectively extending Apple's gatekeeping role beyond its own App Store to all Mac software.<ref>SentinelOne. "What is macOS Notarization? Security Hardening or Security Theater?" September 11, 2019. https://www.sentinelone.com/blog/maco-notarization-security-hardening-or-security-theater/</ref> The change gave Apple unprecedented control over third-party software distribution on macOS, forcing developers to comply with Apple's terms or risk their software being blocked by default.

===Achilles vulnerability (2022)===
In December 2022, Microsoft researchers revealed a vulnerability in macOS, dubbed "Achilles" (CVE-2022-42821), that allowed attackers to bypass Gatekeeper security features. This vulnerability exposed the limitations of Apple's security model and raised questions about the effectiveness of its restrictive approach.<ref>Microsoft Security Blog. "Gatekeeper's Achilles heel: Unearthing a macOS vulnerability." December 19, 2022. https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2022/12/19/gatekeepers-achilles-heel-unearthing-a-macos-vulnerability/</ref> Despite Apple's emphasis on security as the justification for its restrictive Gatekeeper policies, the discovery highlighted that these restrictions hadn't necessarily resulted in an impenetrable system.

===Developer signing requirement barriers (ongoing)===
Since Gatekeeper's introduction, Apple has required developers to pay for an annual Apple Developer subscription ($99/year) to obtain a Developer ID certificate necessary for distributing software outside the App Store that doesn't trigger Gatekeeper warnings. This creates a financial barrier for independent and open-source developers who may not be able to afford or justify this recurring expense.<ref>Apple Developer. "App notarized but Gatekeeper still shows warning." https://forums.developer.apple.com/forums/thread/120016</ref> The requirement effectively monetizes the right for developers to distribute software without their users experiencing security warnings.

===Blocked legacy software (ongoing)===
With each major macOS update, Apple has increased Gatekeeper restrictions, often rendering older software unusable without complex workarounds. Many users have found themselves unable to use legitimately purchased software after OS updates, as Gatekeeper blocks unsigned or un-notarized applications. This has forced users to either avoid system updates (potentially exposing themselves to security vulnerabilities) or repurchase software, effectively devaluing their previous purchases.<ref>Molleindustria. "Gatekeeper and the rise of the Total Apple Consumer." https://www.molleindustria.org/blog/gatekeeper-and-the-rise-of-the-total-apple-consumer/</ref>

===Internet connection requirement controversy (ongoing)===
{{Main|macOS Online Verification Requirements}}
Gatekeeper's notarization verification process requires an internet connection, which has caused issues for users in environments without reliable internet access or those who prefer to work offline for privacy reasons. This requirement has been criticized as an unnecessary limitation that treats users' computers as terminals requiring constant verification rather than personal property under the user's control.

==See also==
* [[Right to Repair]]
* [[Walled Garden Ecosystems]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Gatekeeper]]
[[Category:Apple]]

Data brokers

2025-05-07T22:04:49Z

Nullpoint420: Created a theme page for Data brokers

'''Data brokers''' are companies that collect, aggregate, analyze, and sell personal information about consumers without having a direct relationship with those individuals.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ftc.gov/reports/data-brokers-call-transparency-accountability-report-federal-trade-commission-may-2014 |title=Data Brokers: A Call for Transparency and Accountability: A Report of the Federal Trade Commission |publisher=Federal Trade Commission |date=May 2014 |access-date=2025-05-07}}</ref> These companies operate largely behind the scenes of the digital economy, accumulating vast databases of consumer information from both public and private sources to create detailed profiles used primarily for marketing, risk assessment, and other business purposes.

==How they work==

Data brokers obtain personal information through various channels:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://privacyrights.org/data-brokers |title=Data Brokers |publisher=Privacy Rights Clearinghouse |access-date=2025-05-07}}</ref>

*Collection from public records (court records, property records, voter registrations)
*Purchase of consumer data from other companies (retailers, financial institutions, social media platforms)
*Scraping of publicly available information from websites and social media
*Inference of additional data points through analysis and algorithms
*Tracking of online behavior through cookies, device fingerprinting, and other technologies

Once collected, this data is processed, combined, and categorized to create detailed consumer profiles. These profiles are then sold or licensed to third parties for various purposes, including targeted advertising, credit decisioning, insurance underwriting, and fraud prevention.

==Consumer impact==

===Privacy erosion===
Data brokers collect and process vast amounts of personal information, often without consumers' knowledge or meaningful consent. Many consumers are unaware of the extent of information being collected about them, who has access to it, or how it's being used.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.technologyreview.com/2024/01/15/1086513/the-ftcs-unprecedented-move-against-data-brokers-explained/ |title=The FTC's unprecedented move against data brokers, explained |publisher=MIT Technology Review |date=January 15, 2024 |access-date=2025-05-07}}</ref> This creates a fundamental asymmetry of information and power between data brokers and consumers.

===Limited transparency and choice===
Consumers typically have minimal visibility into data broker practices and limited ability to control the collection and use of their personal information. Unlike direct business relationships where consumers can choose to engage with a company, data brokers collect information about consumers without establishing a direct relationship, making it difficult for individuals to exercise choice regarding their data.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://privacyrights.org/resources/tutorial-data-brokers-and-people-search-sites |title=Tutorial: Data Brokers and People Search Sites |publisher=Privacy Rights Clearinghouse |access-date=2025-05-07}}</ref>

===Potential for discrimination===
Data broker profiles can potentially enable discriminatory practices when used for decisions regarding credit, insurance, employment, or housing. By categorizing consumers based on various attributes, data brokers create segments that can serve as proxies for protected characteristics like race, religion, or socioeconomic status, even when those characteristics aren't explicitly identified.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://epic.org/issues/consumer-privacy/data-brokers/ |title=Data Brokers |publisher=Electronic Privacy Information Center |access-date=2025-05-07}}</ref>

===Security vulnerabilities===
The consolidation of large volumes of personal data creates security risks. Data brokers become attractive targets for hackers, and breaches of these vast repositories can expose sensitive personal information of millions of consumers, leading to identity theft and other forms of fraud.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/research-reports/closing-data-broker-loophole |title=Closing the Data Broker Loophole |publisher=Brennan Center for Justice |access-date=2025-05-07}}</ref>

==Examples of major data brokers==

===Acxiom/LiveRamp===
[[LiveRamp]] (formerly Acxiom) is one of the largest data brokers globally, maintaining detailed profiles on hundreds of millions of consumers. The company's data onboarding services connect offline customer data with online identifiers, enabling cross-device tracking and targeted advertising.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://partner-directory.liveramp.com/partners/oracle-data-cloud-bluekai |title=Oracle Data Cloud (BlueKai) |website=LiveRamp |access-date=2025-05-07}}</ref> LiveRamp has faced criticism for its extensive data collection practices and the creation of unique identifiers called "RampIDs" that connect individuals' online and offline identities without transparent consumer consent.

===Experian===
Beyond its role as a credit reporting agency, Experian operates as a major data broker, offering marketing services that leverage vast amounts of consumer information. Through its Experian Marketing Services division, the company provides audience segmentation, targeting, and identity resolution products based on consumer data.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://builtin.com/articles/top-data-broker-companies |title=10 Top Data Broker Companies |website=Built In |date=November 12, 2024 |access-date=2025-05-07}}</ref>

===Oracle Data Cloud===
Oracle Data Cloud (formerly BlueKai) provides data services that help marketers target consumers across digital channels. The platform processes trillions of data points monthly from various online and offline sources to create detailed audience profiles. In 2020, Oracle faced scrutiny after security researchers discovered billions of records from its BlueKai database had been left exposed on an unsecured server.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://themarkup.org/privacy/2021/04/01/the-little-known-data-broker-industry-is-spending-big-bucks-lobbying-congress |title=The Little-Known Data Broker Industry Is Spending Big Bucks Lobbying Congress |website=The Markup |date=April 1, 2021 |access-date=2025-05-07}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[LiveRamp]]

==References==
<references />

User:Nullpoint420

2025-05-07T21:45:56Z

Nullpoint420: Created my user page

I'm a Software Engineer who cares about digital rights.

List of companies

2025-05-07T21:29:54Z

Nullpoint420: Add LiveRamp to company list

__NOTOC__
{{Hatnote|This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items.}}

Below is a list of companies that have dedicated articles in the CAT wiki.

===A===
{{Div col|colwidth=20em|gap=2em}}
* [[ AT&T ]]

* [[ AVM Software ]]

* [[ Acer ]]

* [[ Activision Blizzard ]]

* [[ Adobe ]]

* [[ AirAsia ]]

* [[ Allstate ]]

* [[ Ally Financial ]]

* [[ Ally Invest Securities ]]

* [[ Amazon ]]

* [[ Ancestry.com ]]

* [[ Anova Culinary ]]

* [[ Apple ]]

* [[ Arlo ]]

* [[ Asus|ASUS ]]

* [[ Autodesk ]]

* [[ Axis ]]
{{Div col end}}
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===B===
{{Div col|colwidth=20em|gap=2em}}
* [[ Balena ]]

* [[ BMW ]]

* [[ Brother Industries Ltd. ]]

* [[ Bambu Lab ]]

* [[ Best Buy ]]

* [[ BetterHelp ]]

* [[ BowFlex, Inc. ]]

* [[ Brilliant ]]
{{Div col end}}
----

===C===
{{Div col|colwidth=20em|gap=2em}}
* [[ CARIAD ]]

* [[ Canon ]]

* [[ Capital One ]]

* [[ Cerberus ]]

* [[ Chamberlain Group ]]

* [[ Charles Schwab ]]

* [[ Chase Bank ]]

* [[ Cloudflare ]]

* [[ Coffee Meets Bagel ]]

* [[ CompTIA ]]

* [[ Cricut ]]
{{Div col end}}
----

===D===
{{Div col|colwidth=20em|gap=2em}}

* [[ DAZN ]]

* [[ Deep Cycle Systems ]]

* [[ Discord ]]

* [[ Disney ]]

* [[ Duolingo ]]

* [[ Dymo ]]

* [[ Dyson ]]

* [[ DJI ]]{{Div col end}}
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===E===
{{Div col|colwidth=20em|gap=2em}}
* [[ Ecoflow ]]

* [[ EduVULCAN ]]

* [[ Electronic Arts ]]

* [[ Epic Games, Inc. ]]

* [[ Eufy ]]

* [[ EVGA ]]
{{Div col end}}
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===F===
{{Div col|colwidth=20em|gap=2em}}
* [[ FUTO ]]

* [[ Fiio ]]

* [[ Ford ]]

* [[ Future Motion ]]
{{Div col end}}
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===G===
{{Div col|colwidth=20em|gap=2em}}
* [[ GameStop ]]

* [[ General Motors ]]

* [[ Glasswire ]]

* [[ GoGuardian ]]

* [[ Google ]]

* [[ Groupon ]]

* [[ Guardzilla ]]
{{Div col end}}
----

===H===
{{Div col|colwidth=20em|gap=2em}}
* [[ HP Inc. ]]

* [[ Happiest Baby ]]

* [[ Home Connect ]]

* [[ Honda ]]

* [[ Hyundai ]]

* [[ Humble Bundle ]]{{Div col end}}
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===I===
{{Div col|colwidth=20em|gap=2em}}
* [[ IFTTT ]]

* [[ IKEA ]]

* [[ Intel ]]
{{Div col end}}
----

===J===
{{Div col|colwidth=20em|gap=2em}}
* [[ John Deere ]]
* [[ Jeep ]]
{{Div col end}}
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===K===
{{Div col|colwidth=20em|gap=2em}}
* [[ Kroger Grocery store electronic shelf labels & facial recognition|Kroger ]]
* [[ Keurig ]]
{{Div col end}}
----

===L===
{{Div col|colwidth=20em|gap=2em}}
* [[ LG ]]

* [[ Lebara ]]

* [[ Lenovo ]]

* [[ Leo Express ]]

* [[ Lieferando ]]

* [[ LinkedIn ]]

* [[ LiveRamp ]]{{Div col end}}
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===M===
{{Div col|colwidth=20em|gap=2em}}
* [[ Magic Leap ]]

* [[ MakerBot ]]

* [[ ManyCam ]]

* [[ Meta ]]

* [[ Microsoft ]]

* [[ Miele ]]

* [[ Monoprice ]]

* [[ Motorola ]]

* [[ Movies Anywhere ]]

* [[ Mozilla ]]
{{Div col end}}
----

===N===
{{Div col|colwidth=20em|gap=2em}}
* [[ Nanoleaf ]]

* [[ Netflix, Inc. ]]

* [[ Nike ]]

* [[ Nintendo ]]

* [[ Nissan ]]

* [[ Nixplay ]]

* [[ NordVPN ]]

* [[ NZXT ]] {{Div col end}}
----

===O===
{{Div col|colwidth=20em|gap=2em}}
* [[ Optus ]]
{{Div col end}}
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===P===
{{Div col|colwidth=20em|gap=2em}}
* [[ PayPal ]]

* [[ PayPal Honey ]]

* [[ Peloton ]]

* [[ Photobucket ]]

* [[ Pitboss Grills ]]

* [[ Pluralsight ]]

* [[ Plutus ]]

* [[ Protonmail ]]

* [[ Purism ]]

* [[ Pinterest ]]{{Div col end}}

*[https://wiki.rossmanngroup.com/wiki/Paragon_NTFS_software_license_invalidation Paragon Software]

----

===Q===
{{Div col|colwidth=20em|gap=2em}}
* [[ Qantas ]]
* [[ Quidd ]]
{{Div col end}}
----

===R===
{{Div col|colwidth=20em|gap=2em}}
* [[ Raven ]]

* [[ Ring ]]

* [[ Redbox ]]

* [[ Reddit ]]

* [[ Robinhood Financial ]]

* [[ Roblox ]]

* [[ Roborock ]]

* [[ Roku, Inc. ]]

* [[ Rovio ]]
{{Div col end}}
----

===S===
{{Div col|colwidth=20em|gap=2em}}
* [[ Samsung ]]

* [[ Seattle Avionics ]]

* [[ SecuROM ]]

* [[ Shopee ]]

* [[ SiriusXM ]]

* [[ Smartwool ]]

* [[ Sonos ]]

* [[ Sony ]]

* [[ Spectrum ]]

* [[ Spotify ]]

* [[ Starlink ]]

* [[ Steam ]]
{{Div col end}}

*[https://wiki.rossmanngroup.com/wiki/Synology Synology]

----

===T===
{{Div col|colwidth=20em|gap=2em}}
* [[ T-Mobile ]]

* [[ Tado ]]

* [[ TD Ameritrade ]]

* [[ TP-Link ]]

* [[ User testing for mandatory paid subscription into Tado Smart Thermostat app|Tado GmbH ]]

* [[ Take Two ]]

* [[ Team 17 ]]

* [[ Telstra ]]

* [[ Terumo Cardiovascular ]]

* [[ Tesla, Inc. ]]

* [[ Thermaltake ]]

* [[ Ticketmaster Entertainment, LLC ]]

* [[ Tinder ]]

* [[ TRMNL ]]

* [[ Toyota ]]

* [[ Tuya Inc. ]]

* [[ Twitch ]]

* [[ Twitter ]]
{{Div col end}}
----

===U===
{{Div col|colwidth=20em|gap=2em}}
* [[ Uber ]]

* [[ Ubisoft ]]
{{Div col end}}
----

===V===
{{Div col|colwidth=20em|gap=2em}}
* [[ Valve ]]

* [[ Verisk Analytics, Inc. ]]

* [[ Virgin Media ]]

* [[ Volkswagen ]]

* [[ Vultr ]]

* [[ Venmo ]]
{{Div col end}}
----

===W===
{{Div col|colwidth=20em|gap=2em}}
* [[ Walmart ]]

* [[ Wink ]]

* [[ Winston-Salem Journal ]]

* [[ Wondershare ]]

* [[ Wyze ]]
{{Div col end}}
----

===X===
{{Div col|colwidth=20em|gap=2em}}
* [[ X Corp ]]

* [[ Xiaomi ]]
{{Div col end}}
----

===Y===
{{Div col|colwidth=20em|gap=2em}}
* [[ YouTube ]]
{{Div col end}}
----

===Z===

----
[[Category:Companies]]
[[Category:Organizations]]

LiveRamp

2025-05-07T21:27:05Z

Nullpoint420: Add "Company" category to LiveRamp

{{InfoboxProductLine
| Title = LiveRamp
| Release Year = 2014 (as LiveRamp acquisition by Acxiom), 2018 (as rebranded company)
| Product Type = Data broker / Data connectivity platform
| In Production = Yes
| Official Website = https://liveramp.com/
| Logo =LiveRamp-logo.png
}}

'''LiveRamp''' is a data broker company that operates a data connectivity platform specializing in identity resolution and data onboarding services. The company enables businesses to connect customer data across platforms and technologies for targeted marketing and analytics purposes.<ref name="liveramp-website">{{cite web |url=https://liveramp.com/ |title=LiveRamp - The Data Collaboration Platform of Choice |website=LiveRamp |access-date=2025-05-07}}</ref> Originally founded as a startup in 2011 and acquired by Acxiom in 2014 for $310 million, LiveRamp later became the parent company's name after spinning off Acxiom's Marketing Solutions division to Interpublic Group in 2018.<ref name="wiki-liveramp">{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LiveRamp |title=LiveRamp - Wikipedia |website=Wikipedia |date=2024-12-11 |access-date=2025-05-07}}</ref>

==Consumer impact summary==

===User privacy===
LiveRamp's core business revolves around collecting, processing, and facilitating the exchange of vast amounts of personal data, raising significant privacy concerns.<ref name="computing-stalker">{{cite web |url=https://www.computing.co.uk/news/4180665/stalker-broker-liveramp-reported-uk-french-regulators |title='Like a stalker': LiveRamp reported to ICO |website=Computing |access-date=2025-05-07}}</ref> The company maintains identity databases on approximately 700 million consumers globally, including 45 million in the UK and 25 million in France.<ref name="sauder-lawsuit">{{cite web |url=https://sauderschelkopf.com/investigations/liveramp-data-broker-privacy-class-action-lawsuit-investigation/ |title=LiveRamp Data Broker Privacy Class Action Lawsuit Investigation |website=Sauder Schelkopf |date=2025-01-25 |access-date=2025-05-07}}</ref> LiveRamp creates unique identifiers called "RampIDs" that connect individuals' online activities with their offline identities, enabling comprehensive tracking across devices and platforms.<ref name="improvado">{{cite web |url=https://improvado.io/blog/what-does-liveramp-do |title=LiveRamp Explained: Data Connectivity & Identity [2025] |website=Improvado |access-date=2025-05-07}}</ref> This extensive profiling occurs largely without consumers' meaningful awareness or explicit consent, as the company operates behind the scenes of the digital advertising ecosystem.<ref name="markup">{{cite web |url=https://themarkup.org/privacy/2021/04/01/the-little-known-data-broker-industry-is-spending-big-bucks-lobbying-congress |title=The Little-Known Data Broker Industry Is Spending Big Bucks Lobbying Congress |website=The Markup |date=2021-04-01 |access-date=2025-05-07}}</ref>

===User freedom===
The company's data collection practices significantly impact consumer autonomy by enabling highly personalized advertising that can influence consumer behavior.<ref name="harvard">{{cite web |url=https://d3.harvard.edu/platform-digit/submission/liveramp-formerly-acxiom-selling-you-without-owning-your-data/ |title=LiveRamp (formerly Acxiom) - selling you - without owning your data |website=Digital Innovation and Transformation |date=2020-04-21 |access-date=2025-05-07}}</ref> LiveRamp's identity resolution technology allows companies to track individuals across multiple devices and platforms, even when users believe they are browsing anonymously.<ref name="computerweekly">{{cite web |url=https://www.computerweekly.com/news/366572197/Open-Rights-Group-accuses-LiveRamp-of-unlawful-data-processing |title=Open Rights Group accuses LiveRamp of 'unlawful' data processing |website=Computer Weekly |access-date=2025-05-07}}</ref> This undermines users' ability to truly opt out of tracking and creates an environment where consumers have limited control over how their personal information is used in the digital marketplace.<ref name="privacy-choices">{{cite web |url=https://liveramp.com/privacy/my-privacy-choices/ |title=Your Rights - California Consumer Privacy Act |website=LiveRamp |date=2022-01-31 |access-date=2025-05-07}}</ref>

===Business model===
LiveRamp's business model centers on monetizing consumer data through its "data onboarding" services, which transform offline customer data into digital identifiers for targeted advertising.<ref name="data-marketplace">{{cite web |url=https://liveramp.com/data-marketplace/ |title=Solutions: Data Marketplace |website=LiveRamp |date=2024-11-18 |access-date=2025-05-07}}</ref> The company operates a comprehensive Data Marketplace where businesses can purchase segments of consumer data for marketing purposes.<ref name="data-buying">{{cite web |url=https://docs.liveramp.com/connect/en/getting-started-with-data-buying.html |title=Getting Started with Data Buying |website=LiveRamp Documentation |access-date=2025-05-07}}</ref> While LiveRamp positions itself as privacy-conscious, its fundamental business relies on extensive data collection, sharing, and profiling that blurs the lines between public and private information.<ref name="databrokers-profile">{{cite web |url=https://databrokers.cippic.ca/2019/01/09/data-broker-profiles-acxiom-and-liveramp/ |title=Data Broker Profiles – Acxiom and LiveRamp |website=DataBrokers |date=2019-01-09 |access-date=2025-05-07}}</ref>

===Market control===
As one of the dominant players in the data broker industry, LiveRamp wields significant market power through its identity resolution infrastructure.<ref name="sec-filing">{{cite web |url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/733269/000073326919000022/ramp-20190331.htm |title=LiveRamp Holdings, Inc. SEC Filing |website=U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission |access-date=2025-05-07}}</ref> The company's extensive partnerships with over 650 platforms, including major social media networks and publishers, create a far-reaching data ecosystem that is difficult for consumers to avoid.<ref name="liveramp-website" /> LiveRamp's position as an infrastructure provider for the advertising technology industry allows it to establish industry standards and protocols that prioritize commercial interests over consumer privacy protections.<ref name="harvard" />

==Incidents==

===2003 Data breach (as Acxiom)===
In 2003, LiveRamp's predecessor company Acxiom experienced a massive data breach involving 1.6 billion personal records.<ref name="wiki-liveramp" /> The breach occurred during data transmission between Acxiom and its clients via an FTP server located outside the company's firewall.<ref name="privacy-int-hack">{{cite web |url=https://privacyinternational.org/examples/2348/acxiom-data-intercepted-hacker |title=Acxiom data intercepted by hacker |website=Privacy International |access-date=2025-05-07}}</ref> Described by prosecutors as the "largest ever invasion and theft of personal data" at that time, the incident exposed names, addresses, and email addresses of millions of consumers.<ref name="harvard" /> This breach highlighted the significant risks inherent in large-scale data collection and the vulnerability of centralized personal data repositories.<ref name="troy-hunt">{{cite web |url=https://www.troyhunt.com/data-breach-misattribution-acxiom-live-ramp/ |title=Data Breach Misattribution, Acxiom & Live Ramp |author=Troy Hunt |date=2022-11-22 |website=Troy Hunt's Blog |access-date=2025-05-07}}</ref>

===FTC complaint over military data sharing (2003)===
The Electronic Privacy Information Center filed a complaint with the Federal Trade Commission against Acxiom (LiveRamp's predecessor) and JetBlue Airways in 2003.<ref name="wiki-liveramp" /> The complaint alleged that the companies provided consumer information to Torch Concepts, a company hired by the U.S. Army to analyze how public and private records might be used to defend military bases.<ref name="privacy-int-timeline">{{cite web |url=https://privacyinternational.org/databrokerstimeline/acxiom |title=Privacy International |website=Privacy International |access-date=2025-05-07}}</ref> This occurred without consumer consent, notice, or the ability to opt out, despite Acxiom's public statements about individual choice regarding data dissemination.<ref name="wiki-liveramp" /> This incident demonstrated how data collected for commercial purposes can be repurposed for surveillance with minimal consumer knowledge or consent.

===Rejection of bulk opt-out requests (2003)===
In 2003, the for-profit privacy company Private Citizen, which helped consumers unsubscribe from telemarketing lists and direct mailings, discovered that Acxiom had begun rejecting batches of opt-out notices sent on behalf of subscribers.<ref name="privacy-int-timeline" /> Acxiom insisted that each person had to individually submit opt-out requests directly to the company, creating a significant barrier to consumers exercising their privacy rights. This practice effectively prevented many consumers from removing their information from Acxiom's databases and demonstrated how data brokers can create intentional barriers to service cancellation.

===Complaints of unlawful data processing (2024, ongoing)===
In February 2024, the Open Rights Group (ORG) submitted formal complaints to the UK Information Commissioner's Office and the French data protection authority CNIL against LiveRamp.<ref name="computerweekly" /> The complaints allege that LiveRamp's "privacy-invasive profiling" breaches European data protection laws due to the lack of a clear legal basis and meaningful transparency for data subjects. ORG claims LiveRamp's processing activities include "indiscriminate collection and processing of personal data" out of proportion to its objectives, reuse of personal data collected for other contexts, and inadequate security measures for sensitive data.<ref name="computerweekly" /> The complaint also notes that LiveRamp offers inconsistent information about its lawful basis for processing across different jurisdictions.

===Identity surveillance system allegations (2024, ongoing)===
In 2024, research institute Cracked Labs released a 61-page report detailing LiveRamp's extensive "identity surveillance system".<ref name="computing-stalker" /> The report revealed that LiveRamp maintains identity databases on 700 million consumers globally using identifiers like cookies and mobile IDs to create unique "RampIDs" for each individual, tied to their real-world identity. These RampIDs allow LiveRamp's clients to combine and link personal data across databases, track website and mobile app usage, create personal profiles, and transmit consumer records to adtech firms.<ref name="computing-stalker" /> The technology enables tracking of individuals even when they believe they are protecting their privacy, such as by not logging into sites or providing only partial information.<ref name="computerweekly" /> This sophisticated system operates largely without consumer awareness or meaningful consent.

==See also==
*[[Data brokers]]
*[[Targeted advertising]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:LiveRamp]]
[[Category:Data brokers]]
[[Category:Company]]

LiveRamp

2025-05-07T21:24:21Z

Nullpoint420: Add LiveRamp logo

File:LiveRamp-logo.png

2025-05-07T21:23:41Z

Nullpoint420:

LiveRamp

2025-05-07T21:21:54Z

Nullpoint420: Add initial page for LiveRamp

{{InfoboxProductLine
| Title = LiveRamp
| Release Year = 2014 (as LiveRamp acquisition by Acxiom), 2018 (as rebranded company)
| Product Type = Data broker / Data connectivity platform
| In Production = Yes
| Official Website = https://liveramp.com/
| Logo =
}}

'''LiveRamp''' is a data broker company that operates a data connectivity platform specializing in identity resolution and data onboarding services. The company enables businesses to connect customer data across platforms and technologies for targeted marketing and analytics purposes.<ref name="liveramp-website">{{cite web |url=https://liveramp.com/ |title=LiveRamp - The Data Collaboration Platform of Choice |website=LiveRamp |access-date=2025-05-07}}</ref> Originally founded as a startup in 2011 and acquired by Acxiom in 2014 for $310 million, LiveRamp later became the parent company's name after spinning off Acxiom's Marketing Solutions division to Interpublic Group in 2018.<ref name="wiki-liveramp">{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LiveRamp |title=LiveRamp - Wikipedia |website=Wikipedia |date=2024-12-11 |access-date=2025-05-07}}</ref>

==Consumer impact summary==

===User privacy===
LiveRamp's core business revolves around collecting, processing, and facilitating the exchange of vast amounts of personal data, raising significant privacy concerns.<ref name="computing-stalker">{{cite web |url=https://www.computing.co.uk/news/4180665/stalker-broker-liveramp-reported-uk-french-regulators |title='Like a stalker': LiveRamp reported to ICO |website=Computing |access-date=2025-05-07}}</ref> The company maintains identity databases on approximately 700 million consumers globally, including 45 million in the UK and 25 million in France.<ref name="sauder-lawsuit">{{cite web |url=https://sauderschelkopf.com/investigations/liveramp-data-broker-privacy-class-action-lawsuit-investigation/ |title=LiveRamp Data Broker Privacy Class Action Lawsuit Investigation |website=Sauder Schelkopf |date=2025-01-25 |access-date=2025-05-07}}</ref> LiveRamp creates unique identifiers called "RampIDs" that connect individuals' online activities with their offline identities, enabling comprehensive tracking across devices and platforms.<ref name="improvado">{{cite web |url=https://improvado.io/blog/what-does-liveramp-do |title=LiveRamp Explained: Data Connectivity & Identity [2025] |website=Improvado |access-date=2025-05-07}}</ref> This extensive profiling occurs largely without consumers' meaningful awareness or explicit consent, as the company operates behind the scenes of the digital advertising ecosystem.<ref name="markup">{{cite web |url=https://themarkup.org/privacy/2021/04/01/the-little-known-data-broker-industry-is-spending-big-bucks-lobbying-congress |title=The Little-Known Data Broker Industry Is Spending Big Bucks Lobbying Congress |website=The Markup |date=2021-04-01 |access-date=2025-05-07}}</ref>

===User freedom===
The company's data collection practices significantly impact consumer autonomy by enabling highly personalized advertising that can influence consumer behavior.<ref name="harvard">{{cite web |url=https://d3.harvard.edu/platform-digit/submission/liveramp-formerly-acxiom-selling-you-without-owning-your-data/ |title=LiveRamp (formerly Acxiom) - selling you - without owning your data |website=Digital Innovation and Transformation |date=2020-04-21 |access-date=2025-05-07}}</ref> LiveRamp's identity resolution technology allows companies to track individuals across multiple devices and platforms, even when users believe they are browsing anonymously.<ref name="computerweekly">{{cite web |url=https://www.computerweekly.com/news/366572197/Open-Rights-Group-accuses-LiveRamp-of-unlawful-data-processing |title=Open Rights Group accuses LiveRamp of 'unlawful' data processing |website=Computer Weekly |access-date=2025-05-07}}</ref> This undermines users' ability to truly opt out of tracking and creates an environment where consumers have limited control over how their personal information is used in the digital marketplace.<ref name="privacy-choices">{{cite web |url=https://liveramp.com/privacy/my-privacy-choices/ |title=Your Rights - California Consumer Privacy Act |website=LiveRamp |date=2022-01-31 |access-date=2025-05-07}}</ref>

===Business model===
LiveRamp's business model centers on monetizing consumer data through its "data onboarding" services, which transform offline customer data into digital identifiers for targeted advertising.<ref name="data-marketplace">{{cite web |url=https://liveramp.com/data-marketplace/ |title=Solutions: Data Marketplace |website=LiveRamp |date=2024-11-18 |access-date=2025-05-07}}</ref> The company operates a comprehensive Data Marketplace where businesses can purchase segments of consumer data for marketing purposes.<ref name="data-buying">{{cite web |url=https://docs.liveramp.com/connect/en/getting-started-with-data-buying.html |title=Getting Started with Data Buying |website=LiveRamp Documentation |access-date=2025-05-07}}</ref> While LiveRamp positions itself as privacy-conscious, its fundamental business relies on extensive data collection, sharing, and profiling that blurs the lines between public and private information.<ref name="databrokers-profile">{{cite web |url=https://databrokers.cippic.ca/2019/01/09/data-broker-profiles-acxiom-and-liveramp/ |title=Data Broker Profiles – Acxiom and LiveRamp |website=DataBrokers |date=2019-01-09 |access-date=2025-05-07}}</ref>

===Market control===
As one of the dominant players in the data broker industry, LiveRamp wields significant market power through its identity resolution infrastructure.<ref name="sec-filing">{{cite web |url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/733269/000073326919000022/ramp-20190331.htm |title=LiveRamp Holdings, Inc. SEC Filing |website=U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission |access-date=2025-05-07}}</ref> The company's extensive partnerships with over 650 platforms, including major social media networks and publishers, create a far-reaching data ecosystem that is difficult for consumers to avoid.<ref name="liveramp-website" /> LiveRamp's position as an infrastructure provider for the advertising technology industry allows it to establish industry standards and protocols that prioritize commercial interests over consumer privacy protections.<ref name="harvard" />

==Incidents==

===2003 Data breach (as Acxiom)===
In 2003, LiveRamp's predecessor company Acxiom experienced a massive data breach involving 1.6 billion personal records.<ref name="wiki-liveramp" /> The breach occurred during data transmission between Acxiom and its clients via an FTP server located outside the company's firewall.<ref name="privacy-int-hack">{{cite web |url=https://privacyinternational.org/examples/2348/acxiom-data-intercepted-hacker |title=Acxiom data intercepted by hacker |website=Privacy International |access-date=2025-05-07}}</ref> Described by prosecutors as the "largest ever invasion and theft of personal data" at that time, the incident exposed names, addresses, and email addresses of millions of consumers.<ref name="harvard" /> This breach highlighted the significant risks inherent in large-scale data collection and the vulnerability of centralized personal data repositories.<ref name="troy-hunt">{{cite web |url=https://www.troyhunt.com/data-breach-misattribution-acxiom-live-ramp/ |title=Data Breach Misattribution, Acxiom & Live Ramp |author=Troy Hunt |date=2022-11-22 |website=Troy Hunt's Blog |access-date=2025-05-07}}</ref>

===FTC complaint over military data sharing (2003)===
The Electronic Privacy Information Center filed a complaint with the Federal Trade Commission against Acxiom (LiveRamp's predecessor) and JetBlue Airways in 2003.<ref name="wiki-liveramp" /> The complaint alleged that the companies provided consumer information to Torch Concepts, a company hired by the U.S. Army to analyze how public and private records might be used to defend military bases.<ref name="privacy-int-timeline">{{cite web |url=https://privacyinternational.org/databrokerstimeline/acxiom |title=Privacy International |website=Privacy International |access-date=2025-05-07}}</ref> This occurred without consumer consent, notice, or the ability to opt out, despite Acxiom's public statements about individual choice regarding data dissemination.<ref name="wiki-liveramp" /> This incident demonstrated how data collected for commercial purposes can be repurposed for surveillance with minimal consumer knowledge or consent.

===Rejection of bulk opt-out requests (2003)===
In 2003, the for-profit privacy company Private Citizen, which helped consumers unsubscribe from telemarketing lists and direct mailings, discovered that Acxiom had begun rejecting batches of opt-out notices sent on behalf of subscribers.<ref name="privacy-int-timeline" /> Acxiom insisted that each person had to individually submit opt-out requests directly to the company, creating a significant barrier to consumers exercising their privacy rights. This practice effectively prevented many consumers from removing their information from Acxiom's databases and demonstrated how data brokers can create intentional barriers to service cancellation.

===Complaints of unlawful data processing (2024, ongoing)===
In February 2024, the Open Rights Group (ORG) submitted formal complaints to the UK Information Commissioner's Office and the French data protection authority CNIL against LiveRamp.<ref name="computerweekly" /> The complaints allege that LiveRamp's "privacy-invasive profiling" breaches European data protection laws due to the lack of a clear legal basis and meaningful transparency for data subjects. ORG claims LiveRamp's processing activities include "indiscriminate collection and processing of personal data" out of proportion to its objectives, reuse of personal data collected for other contexts, and inadequate security measures for sensitive data.<ref name="computerweekly" /> The complaint also notes that LiveRamp offers inconsistent information about its lawful basis for processing across different jurisdictions.

===Identity surveillance system allegations (2024, ongoing)===
In 2024, research institute Cracked Labs released a 61-page report detailing LiveRamp's extensive "identity surveillance system".<ref name="computing-stalker" /> The report revealed that LiveRamp maintains identity databases on 700 million consumers globally using identifiers like cookies and mobile IDs to create unique "RampIDs" for each individual, tied to their real-world identity. These RampIDs allow LiveRamp's clients to combine and link personal data across databases, track website and mobile app usage, create personal profiles, and transmit consumer records to adtech firms.<ref name="computing-stalker" /> The technology enables tracking of individuals even when they believe they are protecting their privacy, such as by not logging into sites or providing only partial information.<ref name="computerweekly" /> This sophisticated system operates largely without consumer awareness or meaningful consent.

==See also==
* [[Data brokers]]
* [[Targeted advertising]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:LiveRamp]]
[[Category:Data brokers]]
[[Category:Privacy concerns]]

Google Chrome

2025-05-07T20:44:15Z

Nullpoint420: Added Customer Impact Summary for Google Chrome

{{InfoboxProductLine
| Title = {{PAGENAME}}
| Release Year =2008
| Product Type =Web Browser
| In Production =Yes
| Official Website =https://www.google.com/chrome/
| Logo =Google Chrome logo and wordmark (2015).png
}}'''[[wikipedia:Google_Chrome|Google Chrome]]''' is a Browser created by tech giant [[Google]]. Since its inception, it has become the most used browser on the internet by a large margin.
==Consumer impact summary==
===User freedom===
Chrome significantly impacts user freedom through its default settings, extension policies, and integration with Google's ecosystem. The browser's dominance allows Google to influence web standards, potentially creating a web environment that works best with Chrome.<ref name=":1">Munir, S. et al. (2024). "Google's Chrome Antitrust Paradox". Retrieved May 7, 2025, from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/381517906_Google's_Chrome_Antitrust_Paradox</ref> Users face potential lock-in through seamless integration with Google services, making switching to alternative browsers more difficult. Additionally, Google's control over Chrome's extension ecosystem has raised concerns, particularly when the company has proposed changes that would limit the effectiveness of ad-blocking extensions, potentially prioritizing Google's advertising business over user choice.<ref name=":2">Danco, A. (2019, June 1). "Google Chrome, the perfect antitrust villain?". Retrieved May 7, 2025, from https://alexdanco.com/2019/05/30/google-chrome-the-perfect-antitrust-villain/</ref>
===User privacy===
Chrome's privacy practices have been a significant concern for consumer advocates. As a Google product, Chrome collects substantial user data including browsing history, search queries, and site visits to serve targeted advertisements and improve Google services.<ref name=":3">Campaignsoftheworld.com. (2023, March 26). "The Dark Side of Google: A Closer Look at Privacy Concerns". Retrieved May 7, 2025, from https://campaignsoftheworld.com/news/the-dark-side-of-google/</ref> The browser's implementation of privacy features like "Do Not Track" has been criticized for being ineffective, as Google noted that "many websites and web services, including Google's, don't change their behavior when they receive a Do Not Track request."<ref name=":4">Google. "Turn 'Do Not Track' on or off - Computer - Google Chrome Help". Retrieved May 7, 2025, from https://support.google.com/chrome/answer/2790761</ref> Additionally, Chrome's privacy initiatives like the Privacy Sandbox have been viewed skeptically by privacy advocates who argue that these proposals often protect Google's business interests rather than user privacy.<ref name=":5">Electronic Frontier Foundation. (2020, July 10). "Don't Play in Google's Privacy Sandbox". Retrieved May 7, 2025, from https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2019/08/dont-play-googles-privacy-sandbox-1</ref>
===Business model===
Chrome's business model is deeply integrated with Google's broader advertising ecosystem. The browser serves as a critical data collection point for Google's advertising business, which generates the majority of the company's revenue.<ref name=":6">CEOToday Magazine. (2024, November 20). "DOJ Pushes Google to Sell Chrome and Break Monopoly". Retrieved May 7, 2025, from https://www.ceotodaymagazine.com/2024/11/google-faces-doj-antitrust-push-will-chrome-ai-and-android-be-broken-apart/</ref> Chrome's default settings direct users to Google Search, which in turn displays Google advertisements. This creates a self-reinforcing cycle where Chrome usage fuels Google's search dominance, which consequently enhances its advertising business. The connection between Chrome and Google's advertising business has also influenced browser design decisions, such as how Chrome handles cookies and tracking, which may prioritize advertising effectiveness over user privacy.<ref name=":7">Quartz. (2022, July 20). "What if antitrust regulators forced Google to sell Chrome?". Retrieved May 7, 2025, from https://qz.com/1930645/what-happens-to-google-if-regulators-force-it-to-sell-off-chrome</ref>
===Market control===
Chrome's dominant market position gives Google significant control over web standards and browser technology. With approximately 65% global market share as of 2025, Chrome has become the de facto standard browser for many users and developers.<ref name=":0">Statista. (2024, June 21). "Market share of leading internet browsers in the United States and worldwide as of August 2024". Retrieved May 7, 2025, from https://www.statista.com/statistics/276738/worldwide-and-us-market-share-of-leading-internet-browsers/</ref> This market control allows Google to influence the direction of web technology development, often in ways that benefit its business interests. For example, Google's proposals for replacing third-party cookies through its Privacy Sandbox initiative have faced criticism for potentially strengthening Google's position while weakening competitors in the advertising ecosystem.<ref name=":8">Wikipedia. (2024, November 15). "Privacy Sandbox". Retrieved May 7, 2025, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privacy_Sandbox</ref> Chrome's market dominance has attracted significant antitrust scrutiny, with the U.S. Department of Justice pushing for Google to divest Chrome as part of remedies following an antitrust case that found Google had illegally maintained a monopoly in online search.<ref name=":9">CNBC. (2024, November 21). "DOJ pushes for Google to break off Chrome browser after antitrust case". Retrieved May 7, 2025, from https://www.cnbc.com/2024/11/20/doj-pushes-for-google-to-break-off-chrome-browser-after-antitrust-case.html</ref>

==Incidents==
This is a list of all consumer protection incidents related to this product. Any incidents not mentioned here can be found in the [[:Category:{{PAGENAME}}|{{PAGENAME}} category]].
===Anti-Competitive Practices===
Google uses the market dominance of their unrelated products and services, such as web search or cloud storage services, to display intrusive messages such as popups aimed to annoy users to the point where they give up and change to Chrome.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2022-08-19 |title=How do I stop Google pop ups asking me to switch my browser to Chrome? |url=https://support.google.com/accounts/thread/175747071/how-do-i-stop-google-pop-ups-asking-me-to-switch-my-browser-to-chrome?hl=en |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=Google Support Community}}</ref> Not because they want to, but to escape the deliberate obstructions Google creates for them when accessing Google services with competing browsers.

Moreover, Google has in the past deliberately degraded performance of their video platform [[YouTube]] for users accessing the website using the competing Firefox browser.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Peterson |first=Jake |date=2023-11-21 |title=How to Stop Google From Artificially Slowing Down YouTube |url=https://lifehacker.com/tech/stop-google-slowing-down-youtube-firefox-edge |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=LifeHacker}}</ref>

===Discontinuation of Manifest V2 support (''2024'')===
Google, whose main business is online advertising, has discontinued support for browser extensions using the Manifest V2 standard.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manifest V2 support timeline |url=https://developer.chrome.com/docs/extensions/develop/migrate/mv2-deprecation-timeline |url-status=live |access-date=5 Apr 2025 |website=[[Google]]}}</ref> This renders advertising/tracking blockers such as uBlock Origin unusable and deactivates the corresponding plugins on update. Only versions with very limited blocking functionality remain usable.

Users who wish to continue to use the web without their every step being traced by Google and other advertising syndicates have no other option but to switch to a different browser such as [[Mozilla]] Firefox or Vivaldi, which have all pledged to retain full Manifest V2 compatibility in their browsers.

==See also==
{{Placeholder box|Link to relevant theme articles or products with similar incidents.}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]