Editing First-sale doctrine (section)

=== Challenges in the Digital Era ===
Modern technology and corporate practices have created new ways to circumvent the First Sale Doctrine, particularly in the realms of digital content and connected devices. Key challenges include:

* '''License Agreements''': Many companies distribute digital goods under "licenses" rather than sales, claiming consumers do not "own" the product but merely have a limited right to use it. This prevents resale or transfer.
* '''Cloud Dependency''': Connected devices often require access to cloud servers to function. Companies retain control by limiting access for second-hand buyers unless additional fees are paid.
* '''Digital Rights Management (DRM)''': DRM technologies restrict how consumers can use or transfer digital goods, effectively nullifying ownership rights.
* '''Activation Fees''': Some companies impose post-sale fees to enable functionality for second-hand buyers, eroding the principle that ownership transfers should not involve the original seller.