Planned obsolescence - Revision history

Tempo123: Remove red/dead links

2026-03-24T19:28:36Z

Remove red/dead links

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:28, 24 March 2026
Line 95:		Line 95:
	\|access-date=18 Jul 2025 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240415112420/https://getenviropass.com/planned-obsolescence/ \|archive-date=15 Apr 2024}}</ref>		\|access-date=18 Jul 2025 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240415112420/https://getenviropass.com/planned-obsolescence/ \|archive-date=15 Apr 2024}}</ref>

	*Copyrighted repair manuals: [[Toshiba]] and others have restricted access to repair guides, stifling third-party repair markets.		*Copyrighted repair manuals: Toshiba and others have restricted access to repair guides, stifling third-party repair markets.

	Such tactics disproportionately affect low-income and geographically isolated consumers, who lack access to authorized repair centers.<ref name=":3" />		Such tactics disproportionately affect low-income and geographically isolated consumers, who lack access to authorized repair centers.<ref name=":3" />
Line 108:		Line 108:
	EU Battery Regulation (2026): Requires user-replaceable batteries in electronics, countering sealed designs.		EU Battery Regulation (2026): Requires user-replaceable batteries in electronics, countering sealed designs.

	Despite these efforts, enforcement remains challenging. France's 2015 law against planned obsolescence made it punishable by up to two years in prison and fines of up to 5% of annual revenue. It saw no convictions until 2022 due to the difficulty of proving manufacturer intent.<ref name=":2" /> But in 2020 France and [[Apple]] settled a claim championed by [[Halte à l'Obsolescence Programmée]] with the [[DGCCRF]] fraud watchdog for €25 million.<ref>{{Cite news \|date=2020-02-07 \|title=Apple fined €25 million for slowing iPhone software \|url=https://www.dw.com/en/france-fines-apple-25-million-for-slowing-iphone-software/a-52290154 \|work=DW}}</ref>		Despite these efforts, enforcement remains challenging. France's 2015 law against planned obsolescence made it punishable by up to two years in prison and fines of up to 5% of annual revenue. It saw no convictions until 2022 due to the difficulty of proving manufacturer intent.<ref name=":2" /> But in 2020 France and [[Apple]] settled a claim championed by Halte à l'Obsolescence Programmée with the DGCCRF fraud watchdog for €25 million.<ref>{{Cite news \|date=2020-02-07 \|title=Apple fined €25 million for slowing iPhone software \|url=https://www.dw.com/en/france-fines-apple-25-million-for-slowing-iphone-software/a-52290154 \|work=DW}}</ref>

	Non-repairability is a cornerstone of planned obsolescence, enabling manufacturers to control product lifespans and maximize profits. While legislation like the EU's Right to Repair represents progress, systemic change requires dismantling design barriers, improving consumer access to repairs, and shifting cultural norms toward durability over disposability.		Non-repairability is a cornerstone of planned obsolescence, enabling manufacturers to control product lifespans and maximize profits. While legislation like the EU's Right to Repair represents progress, systemic change requires dismantling design barriers, improving consumer access to repairs, and shifting cultural norms toward durability over disposability.

CrookKilla: More on Law in France

2026-03-04T03:31:01Z

Bananabot: Added archive URLs for 1 citation(s) using CRWCitationBot

2026-02-23T07:04:50Z

Added archive URLs for 1 citation(s) using CRWCitationBot

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:04, 23 February 2026
Line 11:		Line 11:
	*Legal Obsolescence: Regulatory bans.		*Legal Obsolescence: Regulatory bans.

	Modern devices are often sealed with adhesives, welded components, and/or proprietary screws, making disassembly difficult or destructive. Smartphones exemplify systemic and contrived obsolescence, with glued-in batteries and soldered components needing specialized tools in some cases and software updates that render the device useless.<ref>{{Cite web \|first=Mauro \|last=Cordella \|first2=Felice \|last2=Alfieri \|first3=Christian \|last3=Clemm \|first4=Anton \|last4=Berwald \|display-authors=2 \|title=Durability of smartphones: A technical analysis of reliability and repairability aspects \|url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7871336/ \|website=nih.gov \|date=1 Dec 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241102180741/https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7871336/ \|archive-date=2 Nov 2024 \|doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.125388 \|pmc=7871336 \|pmid=33658746}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|title=Smartphone Repairability Scores \|url=https://www.ifixit.com/repairability/smartphone-repairability-scores \|website=iFixit \|access-date=18 Jul 2025}}</ref> These design practices force consumers to rely on manufacturer-authorized repairs or buy replacements, aligning with planned obsolescence strategies.		Modern devices are often sealed with adhesives, welded components, and/or proprietary screws, making disassembly difficult or destructive. Smartphones exemplify systemic and contrived obsolescence, with glued-in batteries and soldered components needing specialized tools in some cases and software updates that render the device useless.<ref>{{Cite web \|first=Mauro \|last=Cordella \|first2=Felice \|last2=Alfieri \|first3=Christian \|last3=Clemm \|first4=Anton \|last4=Berwald \|display-authors=2 \|title=Durability of smartphones: A technical analysis of reliability and repairability aspects \|url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7871336/ \|website=nih.gov \|date=1 Dec 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241102180741/https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7871336/ \|archive-date=2 Nov 2024 \|doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.125388 \|pmc=7871336 \|pmid=33658746}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|title=Smartphone Repairability Scores \|url=https://www.ifixit.com/repairability/smartphone-repairability-scores \|website=iFixit \|access-date=18 Jul 2025 \|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260209231832/https://www.ifixit.com/repairability/smartphone-repairability-scores \|archive-date=9 Feb 2026}}</ref> These design practices force consumers to rely on manufacturer-authorized repairs or buy replacements, aligning with planned obsolescence strategies.

	A foundational 1984 Stanford study theorized that monopolists intentionally reduce product durability to maximize profits by forcing repeat purchases. Oligopolists may collude to shorten product lifespans, though outcomes depend on market dynamics.<ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Bulow \|first=Jeremy \|title=An Economic Theory of Planned Obsolescence \|url=https://www.gsb.stanford.edu/faculty-research/working-papers/economic-theory-planned-obsolescence \|journal=Stanford Graduate School of Business \|date=1984 \|access-date=18 Jul 2025 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224142747/https://www.gsb.stanford.edu/faculty-research/working-papers/economic-theory-planned-obsolescence \|archive-date=24 Dec 2016}}</ref>		A foundational 1984 Stanford study theorized that monopolists intentionally reduce product durability to maximize profits by forcing repeat purchases. Oligopolists may collude to shorten product lifespans, though outcomes depend on market dynamics.<ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Bulow \|first=Jeremy \|title=An Economic Theory of Planned Obsolescence \|url=https://www.gsb.stanford.edu/faculty-research/working-papers/economic-theory-planned-obsolescence \|journal=Stanford Graduate School of Business \|date=1984 \|access-date=18 Jul 2025 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224142747/https://www.gsb.stanford.edu/faculty-research/working-papers/economic-theory-planned-obsolescence \|archive-date=24 Dec 2016}}</ref>

Sojourna at 20:47, 30 October 2025

2025-10-30T20:47:11Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:47, 30 October 2025
Line 1:		Line 1:
	~~[[wikipedia:Planned_obsolescence\|~~'''Planned obsolescence''']] is a business strategy where products are intentionally designed to become obsolete, undesirable, or to stop functioning within a predetermined time-frame, forcing consumers to replace them. This practice maximizes profits for corporations, but leads to unnecessary waste and consumer frustration.		'''{{Wplink\|Planned obsolescence}}''' is a business strategy where products are intentionally designed to become obsolete, undesirable, or to stop functioning within a predetermined time-frame, forcing consumers to replace them. This practice maximizes profits for corporations, but leads to unnecessary waste and consumer frustration.

	The phrase "planned obsolescence" was coined in 1932 by Bernard London, who proposed mandatory product expiration to stimulate Depression-era economies. Brooks Stevens later popularized it in the 1950s, defining it as instilling a desire for newer products "sooner than necessary".		The phrase "planned obsolescence" was coined in 1932 by Bernard London, who proposed mandatory product expiration to stimulate Depression-era economies. Brooks Stevens later popularized it in the 1950s, defining it as instilling a desire for newer products "sooner than necessary".
Line 5:		Line 5:
	Vance Packard's 1960, ''{{Wplink\|The Waste Makers}}'', critiqued corporations for manipulating desires through style changes and a perception of being out of date. Modern {{Wplink\|fast fashion}} and tech industries continue this trend, fostering "throwaway" cultures.		Vance Packard's 1960, ''{{Wplink\|The Waste Makers}}'', critiqued corporations for manipulating desires through style changes and a perception of being out of date. Modern {{Wplink\|fast fashion}} and tech industries continue this trend, fostering "throwaway" cultures.

	==Types of ~~Planned Obsolescence~~==		==Types of planned obsolescence==
	*Contrived or Artificial Durability: Designing products with inferior materials that wear out quickly or using non-removable/repairable components.		*Contrived or Artificial Durability: Designing products with inferior materials that wear out quickly or using non-removable/repairable components.
	*Systemic Obsolescence: Technological incompatibility, such as software updates rendering older devices unusable.		*Systemic Obsolescence: Technological incompatibility, such as software updates rendering older devices unusable.

DzLamme: link to wikipedia page

2025-09-12T08:22:01Z

link to wikipedia page

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:22, 12 September 2025
Line 1:		Line 1:
	'''Planned obsolescence''' is a business strategy where products are intentionally designed to become obsolete, undesirable, or to stop functioning within a predetermined time-frame, forcing consumers to replace them. This practice maximizes profits for corporations, but leads to unnecessary waste and consumer frustration.		[[wikipedia:Planned_obsolescence\|'''Planned obsolescence''']] is a business strategy where products are intentionally designed to become obsolete, undesirable, or to stop functioning within a predetermined time-frame, forcing consumers to replace them. This practice maximizes profits for corporations, but leads to unnecessary waste and consumer frustration.

	The phrase "planned obsolescence" was coined in 1932 by Bernard London, who proposed mandatory product expiration to stimulate Depression-era economies. Brooks Stevens later popularized it in the 1950s, defining it as instilling a desire for newer products "sooner than necessary".		The phrase "planned obsolescence" was coined in 1932 by Bernard London, who proposed mandatory product expiration to stimulate Depression-era economies. Brooks Stevens later popularized it in the 1950s, defining it as instilling a desire for newer products "sooner than necessary".

AnotherConsumerRightsPerson: Fixed whatever that formatting was.

2025-09-11T15:50:58Z

Fixed whatever that formatting was.

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:50, 11 September 2025
Line 5:		Line 5:
	Vance Packard's 1960, ''{{Wplink\|The Waste Makers}}'', critiqued corporations for manipulating desires through style changes and a perception of being out of date. Modern {{Wplink\|fast fashion}} and tech industries continue this trend, fostering "throwaway" cultures.		Vance Packard's 1960, ''{{Wplink\|The Waste Makers}}'', critiqued corporations for manipulating desires through style changes and a perception of being out of date. Modern {{Wplink\|fast fashion}} and tech industries continue this trend, fostering "throwaway" cultures.

	~~<u>~~Types of Planned Obsolescence~~:</u>~~		==Types of Planned Obsolescence==
			*Contrived or Artificial Durability: Designing products with inferior materials that wear out quickly or using non-removable/repairable components.
	* Contrived or Artificial Durability: Designing products with inferior materials that wear out quickly or using non-removable/repairable components.		*Systemic Obsolescence: Technological incompatibility, such as software updates rendering older devices unusable.
	* Systemic Obsolescence: Technological incompatibility, such as software updates rendering older devices unusable.		*Perceived or Aesthetic Obsolescence: Marketing-driven trends that make functional items seem outdated.
	* Perceived or Aesthetic Obsolescence: Marketing-driven trends that make functional items seem outdated.		*Legal Obsolescence: Regulatory bans.
	* Legal Obsolescence: Regulatory bans.

	Modern devices are often sealed with adhesives, welded components, and/or proprietary screws, making disassembly difficult or destructive. Smartphones exemplify systemic and contrived obsolescence, with glued-in batteries and soldered components needing specialized tools in some cases and software updates that render the device useless.<ref>{{Cite web \|first=Mauro \|last=Cordella \|first2=Felice \|last2=Alfieri \|first3=Christian \|last3=Clemm \|first4=Anton \|last4=Berwald \|display-authors=2 \|title=Durability of smartphones: A technical analysis of reliability and repairability aspects \|url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7871336/ \|website=nih.gov \|date=1 Dec 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241102180741/https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7871336/ \|archive-date=2 Nov 2024 \|doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.125388 \|pmc=7871336 \|pmid=33658746}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|title=Smartphone Repairability Scores \|url=https://www.ifixit.com/repairability/smartphone-repairability-scores \|website=iFixit \|access-date=18 Jul 2025}}</ref> These design practices force consumers to rely on manufacturer-authorized repairs or buy replacements, aligning with planned obsolescence strategies.		Modern devices are often sealed with adhesives, welded components, and/or proprietary screws, making disassembly difficult or destructive. Smartphones exemplify systemic and contrived obsolescence, with glued-in batteries and soldered components needing specialized tools in some cases and software updates that render the device useless.<ref>{{Cite web \|first=Mauro \|last=Cordella \|first2=Felice \|last2=Alfieri \|first3=Christian \|last3=Clemm \|first4=Anton \|last4=Berwald \|display-authors=2 \|title=Durability of smartphones: A technical analysis of reliability and repairability aspects \|url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7871336/ \|website=nih.gov \|date=1 Dec 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241102180741/https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7871336/ \|archive-date=2 Nov 2024 \|doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.125388 \|pmc=7871336 \|pmid=33658746}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|title=Smartphone Repairability Scores \|url=https://www.ifixit.com/repairability/smartphone-repairability-scores \|website=iFixit \|access-date=18 Jul 2025}}</ref> These design practices force consumers to rely on manufacturer-authorized repairs or buy replacements, aligning with planned obsolescence strategies.

Elominius: /* Hardware limitations */ Non-replaceable batteries and serialized batteries.

2025-08-17T01:32:48Z

Hardware limitations: Non-replaceable batteries and serialized batteries.

← Older revision		Revision as of 01:32, 17 August 2025
Line 31:		Line 31:

	===Hardware limitations===		===Hardware limitations===
			*Non-user-replaceable batteries in portable devices such as smartphones and laptops. Replacements might be difficult to perform without causing damage to the device. Some smartphones have serialized batteries, meaning a replacement not approved by the vendor may result in the device disabling some functionality or refusing to work at all.
	*Tesla Battery Degradation: Older Tesla models experience rapid battery capacity loss, requiring costly replacements.<ref>{{Cite web \|first=Yong-Gun \|last=Lee \|first2=Satoshi \|last2=Fujiki		*Tesla Battery Degradation: Older Tesla models experience rapid battery capacity loss, requiring costly replacements.<ref>{{Cite web \|first=Yong-Gun \|last=Lee \|first2=Satoshi \|last2=Fujiki
	\|first3=Changhoon \|last3=Jung \|first4=Naoki \|last4=Suzuki \|first5=Nobuyoshi \|last5=Yashiro \|first6=Ryo \|last6=Omoda \|first7=Dong-Su \|last7=Ko \|first8=Tomoyuki \|last8=Shiratsuchi \|first9=Toshinori \|last9=Sugimoto \|first10=Saebom \|last10=Ryu \|first11=Jun Hwan \|last11=Ku \|first12=Taku \|last12=Watanabe \|first13=Youngsin \|last13=Park \|first14=Yuichi \|last14=Aihara \|first15=Dongmin \|last15=Im \|first16=In Taek \|last16=Han \|display-authors=2 \|title=High-energy long-cycling all-solid-state lithium metal batteries enabled by silver–carbon composite anodes \|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41560-020-0575-z \|url-access=limited \|website=Nature Energy \|date=9 Mar 2020 \|access-date=18 Jul 2025 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614115611/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41560-020-0575-z \|archive-date=14 Jun 2020 \|doi=10.1038/s41560-020-0575-z}}</ref>		\|first3=Changhoon \|last3=Jung \|first4=Naoki \|last4=Suzuki \|first5=Nobuyoshi \|last5=Yashiro \|first6=Ryo \|last6=Omoda \|first7=Dong-Su \|last7=Ko \|first8=Tomoyuki \|last8=Shiratsuchi \|first9=Toshinori \|last9=Sugimoto \|first10=Saebom \|last10=Ryu \|first11=Jun Hwan \|last11=Ku \|first12=Taku \|last12=Watanabe \|first13=Youngsin \|last13=Park \|first14=Yuichi \|last14=Aihara \|first15=Dongmin \|last15=Im \|first16=In Taek \|last16=Han \|display-authors=2 \|title=High-energy long-cycling all-solid-state lithium metal batteries enabled by silver–carbon composite anodes \|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41560-020-0575-z \|url-access=limited \|website=Nature Energy \|date=9 Mar 2020 \|access-date=18 Jul 2025 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614115611/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41560-020-0575-z \|archive-date=14 Jun 2020 \|doi=10.1038/s41560-020-0575-z}}</ref>

Sojourna: clean-up

2025-07-19T04:22:06Z

clean-up

Show changes

DzLamme: /* References */

2025-07-09T21:58:32Z

References

Sojourna: clean-up

2025-06-12T20:29:20Z

clean-up

Show changes

← Older revision		Revision as of 03:31, 4 March 2026
Line 108:		Line 108:
	EU Battery Regulation (2026): Requires user-replaceable batteries in electronics, countering sealed designs.		EU Battery Regulation (2026): Requires user-replaceable batteries in electronics, countering sealed designs.

	Despite these efforts, enforcement remains challenging. France's 2015 law against planned obsolescence saw no convictions until 2022 due to the difficulty of proving manufacturer intent.<ref name=":2" />		Despite these efforts, enforcement remains challenging. France's 2015 law against planned obsolescence made it punishable by up to two years in prison and fines of up to 5% of annual revenue. It saw no convictions until 2022 due to the difficulty of proving manufacturer intent.<ref name=":2" /> But in 2020 France and [[Apple]] settled a claim championed by [[Halte à l'Obsolescence Programmée]] with the [[DGCCRF]] fraud watchdog for €25 million.<ref>{{Cite news \|date=2020-02-07 \|title=Apple fined €25 million for slowing iPhone software \|url=https://www.dw.com/en/france-fines-apple-25-million-for-slowing-iphone-software/a-52290154 \|work=DW}}</ref>

	Non-repairability is a cornerstone of planned obsolescence, enabling manufacturers to control product lifespans and maximize profits. While legislation like the EU's Right to Repair represents progress, systemic change requires dismantling design barriers, improving consumer access to repairs, and shifting cultural norms toward durability over disposability.		Non-repairability is a cornerstone of planned obsolescence, enabling manufacturers to control product lifespans and maximize profits. While legislation like the EU's Right to Repair represents progress, systemic change requires dismantling design barriers, improving consumer access to repairs, and shifting cultural norms toward durability over disposability.

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:58, 9 July 2025
Line 12:		Line 12:
	* Legal Obsolescence: Regulatory bans.		* Legal Obsolescence: Regulatory bans.

	Modern devices are often sealed with adhesives, welded components, or proprietary screws, making disassembly difficult or destructive. Smartphones exemplify systemic and contrived obsolescence, glued in batteries and soldered components needing specialized tools in some cases and software updates that render the device useless<ref>{{Cite web \|last=~~Cordella1, Alfieri2, Clemm3, Berwald4~~ \|first=~~Mauro1, Felice2 , Christian3, Anton4~~ \|date=2020-12-01 \|title=Durability of smartphones: A technical analysis of reliability and repairability aspects \|url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7871336/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web \|title=Smartphone Repairability Scores \|url=https://www.ifixit.com/repairability/smartphone-repairability-scores \|website=iFixit}}</ref> These design practices force consumers to rely on manufacturer-authorized repairs or buy replacements, aligning with planned obsolescence strategies		Modern devices are often sealed with adhesives, welded components, or proprietary screws, making disassembly difficult or destructive. Smartphones exemplify systemic and contrived obsolescence, glued in batteries and soldered components needing specialized tools in some cases and software updates that render the device useless<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Cordella \|first=Mauro \|last2=Alfieri \|first2=Felice \|last3=Clemm \|first3=Christian \|last4=Berwald \|first4=Anton \|date=2020-12-01 \|title=Durability of smartphones: A technical analysis of reliability and repairability aspects \|url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7871336/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web \|title=Smartphone Repairability Scores \|url=https://www.ifixit.com/repairability/smartphone-repairability-scores \|website=iFixit}}</ref> These design practices force consumers to rely on manufacturer-authorized repairs or buy replacements, aligning with planned obsolescence strategies

	A foundational 1984 Stanford study theorized that monopolists intentionally reduce product durability to maximize profits by forcing repeat purchases. Oligopolists may collude to shorten product lifespans, though outcomes depend on market dynamics.<ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Bulow \|first=Jeremy \|date=1984 \|title=An Economic Theory of Planned Obsolescence \|url=https://www.gsb.stanford.edu/faculty-research/working-papers/economic-theory-planned-obsolescence \|journal=Stanford Graduate School of Business}}</ref>		A foundational 1984 Stanford study theorized that monopolists intentionally reduce product durability to maximize profits by forcing repeat purchases. Oligopolists may collude to shorten product lifespans, though outcomes depend on market dynamics.<ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Bulow \|first=Jeremy \|date=1984 \|title=An Economic Theory of Planned Obsolescence \|url=https://www.gsb.stanford.edu/faculty-research/working-papers/economic-theory-planned-obsolescence \|journal=Stanford Graduate School of Business}}</ref>
Line 70:		Line 70:
	Manufacturers employ physical and technical design choices to obstruct repairs, such as:		Manufacturers employ physical and technical design choices to obstruct repairs, such as:

	* Proprietary components: Printers often include chips that block third-party ink cartridges, rendering devices unusable unless replaced with expensive OEM parts.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web \|title=Right to Repair and the Fight against Planned Obsolescence \|url=https://botpopuli.net/right-to-repair-and-the-fight-against-planned-obsolescence/ \|website=botpopuli.net}}</ref>		*Proprietary components: Printers often include chips that block third-party ink cartridges, rendering devices unusable unless replaced with expensive OEM parts.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web \|title=Right to Repair and the Fight against Planned Obsolescence \|url=https://botpopuli.net/right-to-repair-and-the-fight-against-planned-obsolescence/ \|website=botpopuli.net}}</ref>

	* Glued or sealed units: Smartphones and laptops increasingly use non-removable batteries or adhesives, making replacements hazardous or impossible without specialized tools. For example, Apple's iPhones require prying open glued batteries, risking damage to internal components.		*Glued or sealed units: Smartphones and laptops increasingly use non-removable batteries or adhesives, making replacements hazardous or impossible without specialized tools. For example, Apple's iPhones require prying open glued batteries, risking damage to internal components.

	* Incompatible fasteners: Companies like Apple use tamper-resistant screws (e.g. pentalobe screws), preventing users from accessing internal parts.		*Incompatible fasteners: Companies like Apple use tamper-resistant screws (e.g. pentalobe screws), preventing users from accessing internal parts.

	These design choices ensure that even minor malfunctions necessitate professional (and costly) repairs or replacements, accelerating product turnover.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web \|title=Built to fail: is planned obsolescence really happening? \|url=https://www.consumersinternational.org/news-resources/blog/posts/built-to-fail-is-planned-obsolescence-really-happening/ \|website=consumersinternational.org}}</ref>		These design choices ensure that even minor malfunctions necessitate professional (and costly) repairs or replacements, accelerating product turnover.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web \|title=Built to fail: is planned obsolescence really happening? \|url=https://www.consumersinternational.org/news-resources/blog/posts/built-to-fail-is-planned-obsolescence-really-happening/ \|website=consumersinternational.org}}</ref>
Line 81:		Line 81:
	Impediments are frequently utilized in software and legal matters. For example:		Impediments are frequently utilized in software and legal matters. For example:

	* Software locks: Manufacturers embed software that disables devices if third-party parts are detected. For instance, Apple's iOS has historically blocked phones with non-OEM screens or batteries from functioning fully.		*Software locks: Manufacturers embed software that disables devices if third-party parts are detected. For instance, Apple's iOS has historically blocked phones with non-OEM screens or batteries from functioning fully.

	* Warranty voiding: Many companies void warranties if users attempt repairs, deterring independent fixes. This practice forces consumers to rely on manufacturer-approved services, which may be prohibitively expensive or unavailable.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web \|title=Planned Obsolescence \|url=https://getenviropass.com/planned-obsolescence/ \|website=getenviropass.com}}</ref>		*Warranty voiding: Many companies void warranties if users attempt repairs, deterring independent fixes. This practice forces consumers to rely on manufacturer-approved services, which may be prohibitively expensive or unavailable.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web \|title=Planned Obsolescence \|url=https://getenviropass.com/planned-obsolescence/ \|website=getenviropass.com}}</ref>

	* Copyrighted repair manuals: Toshiba and others have restricted access to repair guides, stifling third-party repair markets.		*Copyrighted repair manuals: Toshiba and others have restricted access to repair guides, stifling third-party repair markets.

	Such tactics disproportionately affect low-income and geographically isolated consumers, who lack access to authorized repair centers.<ref name=":2" />		Such tactics disproportionately affect low-income and geographically isolated consumers, who lack access to authorized repair centers.<ref name=":2" />