CgNAT: Difference between revisions

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Carrier-Grade Network Address Translation (cgNAT, also known as LSN and NAT444) is used by Internet Service Providers (ISPs) to mitigate IPv4 address exhaustion by making thousands of customers share a single public IPv4 address.

'''Carrier-Grade Network Address Translation''' ('''cgNAT''', also known as LSN and NAT444) is used by Internet Service Providers (ISPs) to mitigate IPv4 address exhaustion by making thousands of customers share a single public IPv4 address.

===Complaints from law enforcement agencies===

Law enforcement agencies find it harder to identify criminals behind an IPv4 address used by thousands of people. As a result the agency may have to tap connections of all users sharing that address to identify the criminal. <ref>{{Cite web |last=European Cybercrime Centre (EC3) |date=17 Oct 2017 |title=Are you sharing the same IP address as a criminal? Law enforcement call for the end of Carrier Grade NAT (CGN) to increase accountability online |url=https://www.europol.europa.eu/media-press/newsroom/news/are-you-sharing-same-ip-address-criminal-law-enforcement-call-for-end-of-carrier-grade-nat-cgn-to-increase-accountability-online |website=europol.europa.eu}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Gözükara |first=Furkan |date=8 Nov 2021 |title=Challenges and possible severe legal consequences of application users identification from CNG-Logs |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2666281721002377 |website=sciencedirect.com}}</ref>

A 2016 survey conducted by the European Cybercrime Centre revealed that 90% of EU Member State cyber divisions regularly encountered errors related to CGNAT technologies during investigations, sometimes forcing them to discontinue cases or employ more resource-intensive approaches. <ref>{{Cite web |last=European Police Office (Europol) |title=IOCTA 2016 INTERNET ORGANISED CRIME THREAT ASSESSMENT |url=https://www.europol.europa.eu/iocta/2016/resources/iocta-2016.pdf |website=europol.europa.eu}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

A 2016 survey conducted by the European Cybercrime Centre revealed that 90% of EU Member State cyber divisions regularly encountered errors related to CGNAT technologies during investigations, sometimes forcing them to discontinue cases or employ more resource-intensive approaches. <ref>{{Cite web |last=European Police Office (Europol) |first=page 57-58 |title=IOCTA 2016 INTERNET ORGANISED CRIME THREAT ASSESSMENT |url=https://www.europol.europa.eu/iocta/2016/resources/iocta-2016.pdf |website=europol.europa.eu}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

The process of reverse-tracking from cgNAT logs is fundamentally flawed. In criminal cases where cgNAT logs are used as primary evidence, there exists significant potential for misidentification, as the same public IP address and port combination might be reassigned to different users within a very short time. <ref name=":0" />

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Because multiple people share the same public IP address, they are unreachable from the internet. This prevents them from hosting personal websites or having remote access to home security cameras or personal computers. cgNAT basically breaks all protocols that require direct connection to work. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Swer |first=Daryll |date=25 Mar 2021 |title=Shortcomings of CGNAT and Potential Workarounds |url=https://www.daryllswer.com/shortcomings-of-cgnat-and-potential-work-arounds/ |website=daryllswer.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pros & Cons Deploying Carrier Grade NAT (CGNAT) |url=https://brandergroup.net/2023/01/benefits-and-issues-deploying-carrier-grade-network-address-translation-cgnat/ |website=brandergroup.net}}</ref>

To circumvent these limitations, ISPs typically offer subscriptions for dedicated IPv4 addresses or IPv6 tunnels.

To circumvent these limitations, ISPs typically offer subscriptions for dedicated IPv4 addresses or IPv6 tunnels.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 Mar 2024 |title=About Static IP addresses |url=https://www.att.com/support/article/u-verse-high-speed-internet/KM1002300/ |website=att.com}}</ref>

==References==

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 {{StubNotice}}
-Carrier-Grade Network Address Translation (cgNAT, also known as LSN and NAT444) is used by Internet Service Providers (ISPs) to mitigate IPv4 address exhaustion by making thousands of customers share a single public IPv4 address.
+'''Carrier-Grade Network Address Translation''' ('''cgNAT''', also known as LSN and NAT444) is used by Internet Service Providers (ISPs) to mitigate IPv4 address exhaustion by making thousands of customers share a single public IPv4 address.
 ===Complaints from law enforcement agencies===
 Law enforcement agencies find it harder to identify criminals behind an IPv4 address used by thousands of people. As a result the agency may have to tap connections of all users sharing that address to identify the criminal. <ref>{{Cite web |last=European Cybercrime Centre (EC3) |date=17 Oct 2017 |title=Are you sharing the same IP address as a criminal? Law enforcement call for the end of Carrier Grade NAT (CGN) to increase accountability online |url=https://www.europol.europa.eu/media-press/newsroom/news/are-you-sharing-same-ip-address-criminal-law-enforcement-call-for-end-of-carrier-grade-nat-cgn-to-increase-accountability-online |website=europol.europa.eu}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Gözükara |first=Furkan |date=8 Nov 2021 |title=Challenges and possible severe legal consequences of application users identification from CNG-Logs |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2666281721002377 |website=sciencedirect.com}}</ref>
-A 2016 survey conducted by the European Cybercrime Centre revealed that 90% of EU Member State cyber divisions regularly encountered errors related to CGNAT technologies during investigations, sometimes forcing them to discontinue cases or employ more resource-intensive approaches. <ref>{{Cite web |last=European Police Office (Europol) |title=IOCTA 2016 INTERNET ORGANISED CRIME THREAT ASSESSMENT |url=https://www.europol.europa.eu/iocta/2016/resources/iocta-2016.pdf |website=europol.europa.eu}}</ref><ref name=":0" />
+A 2016 survey conducted by the European Cybercrime Centre revealed that 90% of EU Member State cyber divisions regularly encountered errors related to CGNAT technologies during investigations, sometimes forcing them to discontinue cases or employ more resource-intensive approaches. <ref>{{Cite web |last=European Police Office (Europol) |first=page 57-58 |title=IOCTA 2016 INTERNET ORGANISED CRIME THREAT ASSESSMENT |url=https://www.europol.europa.eu/iocta/2016/resources/iocta-2016.pdf |website=europol.europa.eu}}</ref><ref name=":0" />
 The process of reverse-tracking from cgNAT logs is fundamentally flawed. In criminal cases where cgNAT logs are used as primary evidence, there exists significant potential for misidentification, as the same public IP address and port combination might be reassigned to different users within a very short time. <ref name=":0" />
@@ Line 18: / Line 18: @@
 Because multiple people share the same public IP address, they are unreachable from the internet. This prevents them from hosting personal websites or having remote access to home security cameras or personal computers. cgNAT basically breaks all protocols that require direct connection to work. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Swer |first=Daryll |date=25 Mar 2021 |title=Shortcomings of CGNAT and Potential Workarounds |url=https://www.daryllswer.com/shortcomings-of-cgnat-and-potential-work-arounds/ |website=daryllswer.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pros & Cons Deploying Carrier Grade NAT (CGNAT) |url=https://brandergroup.net/2023/01/benefits-and-issues-deploying-carrier-grade-network-address-translation-cgnat/ |website=brandergroup.net}}</ref>
-To circumvent these limitations, ISPs typically offer subscriptions for dedicated IPv4 addresses or IPv6 tunnels.
+To circumvent these limitations, ISPs typically offer subscriptions for dedicated IPv4 addresses or IPv6 tunnels.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 Mar 2024 |title=About Static IP addresses |url=https://www.att.com/support/article/u-verse-high-speed-internet/KM1002300/ |website=att.com}}</ref>
+==References==
 <references />