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European Union's approach: added links to eu laws
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===European Union's approach===
===European Union's approach===
The European approach combines general consumer protection laws with data privacy-specific regulations. While the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) doesn't explicitly mention dark patterns, its requirements for valid consent effectively prohibit many deceptive designs.<ref name=":11">{{cite web |title=Guidelines on Dark Patterns in Social Media Platform Interfaces |url=https://edpb.europa.eu/our-work-tools/documents/public-consultations/2022/guidelines-32022-dark-patterns-social-media_en |publisher=European Data Protection Board |date=2022}}</ref>
The European approach combines general consumer protection laws with data privacy-specific regulations. While the [[General Data Protection Regulation]] (GDPR) doesn't explicitly mention dark patterns, its requirements for valid consent effectively prohibit many deceptive designs.<ref name=":11">{{cite web |title=Guidelines on Dark Patterns in Social Media Platform Interfaces |url=https://edpb.europa.eu/our-work-tools/documents/public-consultations/2022/guidelines-32022-dark-patterns-social-media_en |publisher=European Data Protection Board |date=2022}}</ref>


The Digital Services Act (DSA) and Digital Markets Act (DMA) further address dark patterns by prohibiting practices that "deceive or manipulate" users.<ref name=":12">{{cite web |title=Digital Services Act |url=https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/digital-services-act |publisher=European Commission}}</ref>
The [[Digital Services Act]] (DSA) and [[Digital Markets Act]] (DMA) further address dark patterns by prohibiting practices that "deceive or manipulate" users.<ref name=":12">{{cite web |title=Digital Services Act |url=https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/digital-services-act |publisher=European Commission}}</ref>


===Enforcement cases and penalties===
===Enforcement cases and penalties===