Price fixing: Difference between revisions

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'''Price fixing''' is determined by the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) as<blockquote>An agreement (written, verbal, or inferred from conduct) among competitors to raise, lower, maintain, or stabilize prices or price levels.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Federal Trade Commission |title=Price Fixing |url=https://www.ftc.gov/advice-guidance/competition-guidance/guide-antitrust-laws/dealings-competitors/price-fixing |access-date=Mar 24, 2025 |website=ftc.gov}}</ref></blockquote>This agreement often is used as a [[dark pattern]] among companies established among various industries to harm consumers, despite its illegal status within the United States and its territories.<ref name=":0" />

'''Price fixing''' is determined by the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) as<blockquote>An agreement (written, verbal, or inferred from conduct) among competitors to raise, lower, maintain, or stabilize prices or price levels.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Federal Trade Commission |title=Price Fixing |url=https://www.ftc.gov/advice-guidance/competition-guidance/guide-antitrust-laws/dealings-competitors/price-fixing |access-date=Mar 24, 2025 |website=ftc.gov |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260103062313/https://www.ftc.gov/advice-guidance/competition-guidance/guide-antitrust-laws/dealings-competitors/price-fixing |archive-date=3 Jan 2026}}</ref></blockquote>This agreement often is used as a [[dark pattern]] among companies established among various industries to harm consumers, despite its illegal status within the United States and its territories.<ref name=":0" />

==How it works==

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===Refusal of service===

Cases, such as in Puerto Rico with optometrists,<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Federal Trade Commission |date=Sep 11, 2007 |title=Colegio de Optometras, Edgar Davila Garcia, O.D., and Carlos Rivera Alonso, O.D., In the Matter of |url=https://www.ftc.gov/legal-library/browse/cases-proceedings/051-0044-colegio-de-optometras-edgar-davila-garcia-od-carlos-rivera-alonso-od-matter |access-date=Mar 24, 2025 |website=ftc.gov}}</ref> have occurred where unless contracts were on collectively agreed-upon terms from the companies, that these contracts were refused or threatened to be refused. This can corner consumers to agree to unfavorable terms, such as [[forced arbitration]], to access a product or service.

Cases, such as in Puerto Rico with optometrists,<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Federal Trade Commission |date=Sep 11, 2007 |title=Colegio de Optometras, Edgar Davila Garcia, O.D., and Carlos Rivera Alonso, O.D., In the Matter of |url=https://www.ftc.gov/legal-library/browse/cases-proceedings/051-0044-colegio-de-optometras-edgar-davila-garcia-od-carlos-rivera-alonso-od-matter |access-date=Mar 24, 2025 |website=ftc.gov |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250713084131/https://www.ftc.gov/legal-library/browse/cases-proceedings/051-0044-colegio-de-optometras-edgar-davila-garcia-od-carlos-rivera-alonso-od-matter |archive-date=13 Jul 2025}}</ref> have occurred where unless contracts were on collectively agreed-upon terms from the companies, that these contracts were refused or threatened to be refused. This can corner consumers to agree to unfavorable terms, such as [[forced arbitration]], to access a product or service.

==Examples==

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 {{StubNotice}}
-'''Price fixing''' is determined by the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) as<blockquote>An agreement (written, verbal, or inferred from conduct) among competitors to raise, lower, maintain, or stabilize prices or price levels.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Federal Trade Commission |title=Price Fixing |url=https://www.ftc.gov/advice-guidance/competition-guidance/guide-antitrust-laws/dealings-competitors/price-fixing |access-date=Mar 24, 2025 |website=ftc.gov}}</ref></blockquote>This agreement often is used as a [[dark pattern]] among companies established among various industries to harm consumers, despite its illegal status within the United States and its territories.<ref name=":0" />
+'''Price fixing''' is determined by the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) as<blockquote>An agreement (written, verbal, or inferred from conduct) among competitors to raise, lower, maintain, or stabilize prices or price levels.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Federal Trade Commission |title=Price Fixing |url=https://www.ftc.gov/advice-guidance/competition-guidance/guide-antitrust-laws/dealings-competitors/price-fixing |access-date=Mar 24, 2025 |website=ftc.gov |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260103062313/https://www.ftc.gov/advice-guidance/competition-guidance/guide-antitrust-laws/dealings-competitors/price-fixing |archive-date=3 Jan 2026}}</ref></blockquote>This agreement often is used as a [[dark pattern]] among companies established among various industries to harm consumers, despite its illegal status within the United States and its territories.<ref name=":0" />
 ==How it works==
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 ===Refusal of service===
-Cases, such as in Puerto Rico with optometrists,<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Federal Trade Commission |date=Sep 11, 2007 |title=Colegio de Optometras, Edgar Davila Garcia, O.D., and Carlos Rivera Alonso, O.D., In the Matter of |url=https://www.ftc.gov/legal-library/browse/cases-proceedings/051-0044-colegio-de-optometras-edgar-davila-garcia-od-carlos-rivera-alonso-od-matter |access-date=Mar 24, 2025 |website=ftc.gov}}</ref> have occurred where unless contracts were on collectively agreed-upon terms from the companies, that these contracts were refused or threatened to be refused. This can corner consumers to agree to unfavorable terms, such as [[forced arbitration]], to access a product or service.
+Cases, such as in Puerto Rico with optometrists,<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Federal Trade Commission |date=Sep 11, 2007 |title=Colegio de Optometras, Edgar Davila Garcia, O.D., and Carlos Rivera Alonso, O.D., In the Matter of |url=https://www.ftc.gov/legal-library/browse/cases-proceedings/051-0044-colegio-de-optometras-edgar-davila-garcia-od-carlos-rivera-alonso-od-matter |access-date=Mar 24, 2025 |website=ftc.gov |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250713084131/https://www.ftc.gov/legal-library/browse/cases-proceedings/051-0044-colegio-de-optometras-edgar-davila-garcia-od-carlos-rivera-alonso-od-matter |archive-date=13 Jul 2025}}</ref> have occurred where unless contracts were on collectively agreed-upon terms from the companies, that these contracts were refused or threatened to be refused. This can corner consumers to agree to unfavorable terms, such as [[forced arbitration]], to access a product or service.
 ==Examples==