Editing 3D Printing restrictions and bans

'''3D Printing restrictions and bans''' are legal, technical, and policy limits that governments, platforms, and manufacturers place on how consumer 3D printers may be bought, modified, or used. The most far-reaching example is a New York law, enacted in May 2026, that will require every 3D printer sold in the state to carry ''"blocking technology"'' which checks each print file against a firearms blueprint detection algorithm before the machine will run the job.<ref name="bill" /> The Governor's office and the gun-safety group Everytown for Gun Safety described the measure as first-in-the-nation.<ref name="gov" /><ref name="everytown" /> The printer-sales requirement is not yet in force. It takes effect one year after state rules are written, those rules cannot begin until an expert working group reports, and a feasibility clause lets that group shelve the mandate if it finds the scanning technology does not work.<ref name="bill" /><ref name="bill-pdf" />

== How restrictions are imposed ==

Restrictions on consumer 3D printers take several forms, often combined:

* '''Legislation.''' State laws and bills can restrict how printers are sold or used. New York's budget law requires printers sold in the state to carry firearm-blocking technology, and Washington and California have advanced similar bills.<ref name="bill" /><ref name="toms-wa" /><ref name="toms-ca" />
* '''Firmware and software locks.''' Manufacturers can gate printer functionality behind signed firmware, mandatory cloud connections, or authorization checks, as documented with [[Bambu Lab Authorization Control System|Bambu Lab's Authorization Control System]].
* '''Platform and service dependency.''' Printers can depend on a proprietary slicer, a cloud account, or an online authorization server to remain fully functional.
* '''Content and model filtering.''' Software can scan, flag, or refuse particular model files or print jobs. New York's blocking-technology mandate would require this kind of per-file screening by law.<ref name="bill" />
* '''Support withdrawal.''' A manufacturer can declare a device unsupported and disable features through software updates or by shutting down the servers the device depends on, a [[Planned obsolescence|planned-obsolescence]] risk for any cloud-tied printer.

== Firearm-blocking printer mandates ==

In 2026 several states moved to regulate 3D-printed firearms through the printer itself rather than only the design file or the finished weapon. New York enacted the first such law; Washington and California advanced bills along the same lines, and Colorado and the Manhattan District Attorney pursued narrower measures.<ref name="bill" /><ref name="toms-wa" /><ref name="toms-ca" /><ref name="co-bill" /><ref name="manhattanda" />

=== New York blocking-technology mandate ===

{{Main|New York 3D printer blocking technology mandate}}

New York's mandate was enacted as Part C of the FY2026-2027 budget, bills S.9005-C and A.10005-C, and signed by Governor Kathy Hochul on May 27, 2026.<ref name="gov" /><ref name="bill" /> The operative command is in the new General Business Law section 396-eeee (1):

<blockquote>''No person, firm, partnership, association, or corporation shall sell or deliver any three-dimensional printer in the state of New York unless such printer is equipped with blocking technology.''</blockquote><ref name="bill-pdf" />

Executive Law section 837-aa (1)(b) defines that blocking technology as integrated measures that keep a printer from running any job unless the file has been evaluated by a firearms blueprint detection algorithm and found not to produce a firearm or illegal firearm parts.<ref name="bill" /> The algorithm, defined in section 837-aa (1)(c), reads printing files ''"whether in the form of stereolithography (STL) files or other computer aided design files or geometric code."''<ref name="bill" /> To supply data for those checks, section 837-aa (3)(b) authorizes the Division of Criminal Justice Services to build a library of firearms blueprint files ''"including scans of seized firearms."''<ref name="bill-pdf" />

The statute defines the regulated machine in two prongs at Penal Law section 265.00 (38): any machine that renders an object from a digital design file using additive manufacturing, or any machine that modifies an object from a digital file using subtractive manufacturing.<ref name="bill" /> Writing in Techdirt, Karl Bode argued that the two-prong definition, drafted without a carve-out for machine size or consumer use, would reach CNC milling machines, offline printers, and open-source firmware projects such as Marlin, Klipper, and RepRap.<ref name="techdirt" />

The device-sales requirement is not yet in force. Under section 837-aa, the Division of Criminal Justice Services, the Department of State, and the State University of New York must convene a working group within 90 days of enactment; the group has up to one year to recommend minimum safety standards; the Division then has up to nine months to promulgate performance-standard rules; and the section 396-eeee sales requirement takes effect one year after those rules are promulgated.<ref name="bill-pdf" /> Stacked end to end, those intervals place the earliest possible effective date more than two years after enactment.<ref name="bill-pdf" /> The chain can also stop entirely. Section 837-aa (2) provides a feasibility off-ramp:

<blockquote>''[I]f the working group determines that it is not technologically feasible to require three-dimensional printers sold in the state of New York to include blocking technology, the working group shall so report, and no regulations shall be required to be promulgated pursuant to this section, until such time as the working group determines that it is technologically feasible.''</blockquote><ref name="bill-pdf" />

If the working group makes that finding, no rules issue and the sales requirement is deferred indefinitely.<ref name="bill-pdf" /> Enforcement of the sales requirement is civil and runs through the Attorney General: a gun-industry member found by a court to have violated section 396-eeee is liable for a civil penalty of $5,000 for each qualified product unlawfully sold, and the Attorney General may also sue to enjoin violations and obtain restitution.<ref name="bill-pdf" /> The requirement does not apply to a buyer who holds both a New York gunsmith license under Penal Law section 400.00 and a federal firearms license, and only after the Attorney General verifies the licenses and issues written authorization.<ref name="bill-pdf" />

Alongside the device rule, the budget added digital-file offenses. Penal Law section 265.10 (11) and (12) make it a class A misdemeanor to sell or possess ''"digital firearm manufacturing code"'' outside the licensed channels the statute names.<ref name="bill-pdf" /> The one felony in the package targets hardware rather than files: under section 265.10 (10), a dealer or gunsmith who, on or after May 31, 2027, sells, transfers, or ships a ''"convertible pistol"'', defined as a semi-automatic pistol with a cruciform trigger bar that a pistol converter can turn into a machine gun, commits a class D felony.<ref name="bill-pdf" />

=== Other state and local efforts ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Measure !! Year !! Jurisdiction !! Status and substance
|-
| HB 2321 || 2025-26 || Washington || Bill titled ''Requiring three-dimensional printers be equipped with certain blocking technologies.'' As reported by Tom's Hardware, it would bar printer sales after July 1, 2027 and set penalties as a class C felony carrying up to five years in prison and a $15,000 fine.<ref name="toms-wa" /><ref name="wa-bill" />
|-
| HB 2320 || 2025-26 || Washington || Companion measure addressing 3D-printed firearms in the same session.<ref name="wa-2320" />
|-
| AB-2047 || 2026 || California || Authored by Assemblymember Rebecca Bauer-Kahan, it would require firearm blocking technology on printers sold in the state and add Penal Code section 29187 making it a misdemeanor to disable or circumvent that technology with intent to manufacture firearms. The Assembly passed the bill, last amended May 18, 2026, and sent it to the Senate.<ref name="ca-bill" /><ref name="toms-ca" />
|-
| HB26-1144 || 2026 || Colorado || Proposed bill that would prohibit using a 3D printer to manufacture a firearm, frame, receiver, large-capacity magazine, or rapid-fire device.<ref name="co-bill" />
|-
| Letter to Creality || 2025 || New York County || On March 26, 2025, Manhattan District Attorney Alvin Bragg sent a letter to the printer manufacturer Creality urging it to make firearm-detection software a default, remove gun blueprints from its cloud platform, and ban illicit-weapon files in its user agreement; the letter cited Print&Go's "3D GUN'T" software as a model.<ref name="manhattanda" />
|}

=== Reactions ===

Supporters framed the New York law as a public-safety floor. The Governor's office said the budget set ''"first-in-the-nation minimum safety standards for 3D printers sold in New York to be equipped with basic technology that prevents the unlicensed, illegal production of lethal firearms and firearm parts."''<ref name="gov" /> Everytown for Gun Safety praised the package as nation-leading action and described it as shutting down the ''"plastic pipeline"'' of do-it-yourself firearms.<ref name="everytown" /> The National Rifle Association's Institute for Legislative Action objected to enacting the measure through the budget, calling it a ''"strategic move to put divisive legislation into an all-or-nothing budget bill"'' rather than a standalone vote.<ref name="nra" />

Maker and digital-rights groups opposed the printer-side approach. The Electronic Frontier Foundation campaigned against the proposal under the banner ''"Stop New York's Attack on 3D Printing,"'' calling the requirement ''"an unfeasible tech solution"'' and describing print-blocking as ''"censorware"'' that ''"surveils every print."''<ref name="eff" /> Writing in Techdirt, Karl Bode relayed analysis from Phillip Torrone of the open-source hardware company Adafruit, who argued that detection from raw geometry is a classification problem with high error rates.<ref name="techdirt" />

== Technical feasibility ==

=== What 3D printers can and cannot make ===

A firearm concentrates the force of a fired cartridge in a small set of metal parts. The Sporting Arms and Ammunition Manufacturers' Institute sets the maximum average pressure for the 9mm Luger cartridge at 35,000 pounds per square inch, contained on every shot by the barrel, chamber, bolt, and slide.<ref name="saami" /> The frame or lower receiver, which houses the trigger group and keeps the metal parts aligned, bears far less. In its assessment of 3D-printed firearm components, the Small Arms Survey described the division of labor in the AR-15:

<blockquote>''In the AR-15 design, for example, the thermal and mechanical stresses of firing are borne mainly by the barrel, bolt, and upper-receiver assemblies. The lower receiver is primarily intended to ensure the correct alignment and interface of the operating parts of the firearm, and to house the trigger and fire selector and safety mechanisms.''</blockquote><ref name="smallarms" />

Consumer fused-deposition printers can make that low-stress frame in thermoplastic. They cannot make a barrel or chamber that survives a centerfire cartridge.<ref name="smallarms" /> Under federal law the frame or receiver is the regulated part: 18 U.S.C. section 921 (a)(3) includes ''"the frame or receiver of any such weapon,"'' and the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives defines a handgun frame at 27 CFR section 478.12 (a)(1).<ref name="usc921" /><ref name="cfr47812" /> The pressure-bearing barrel and slide carry no such status and are sold online as ordinary parts; a California legislative committee analysis, citing a Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General estimate, put the cost of 3D-printing a 9mm handgun frame and adding unregulated metal components at around $700.<ref name="oig" />

Because the printer makes only the frame, the firearms tied to harm are hybrids. A 2024 study in ''Forensic Science International: Synergy'' catalogued 186 law-enforcement encounters with 3D-printed firearms and recorded only 14 in the fully-3D-printed category, the smallest of its object types, with no discharged firearms among the seizures.<ref name="forensic" /> The Combating Terrorism Center at West Point described hybrid designs as weapons that ''"incorporate 3D-printed components with readily available and unregulated components such as steel tubing, metal bar stocks, and springs."''<ref name="ctc" /> WIRED's Andy Greenberg built and test-fired a clone of the firearm allegedly used by Luigi Mangione and reported that only the frame was printed while the slide, barrel, and trigger parts were purchased metal components; the cycling faults he encountered traced to the purchased slide, not the printed frame.<ref name="wired" />

Machine-gun conversion devices, often called Glock switches, are the category with the largest documented harm record. The ATF reported that recoveries of conversion devices rose from 814 in the 2012 through 2016 period to 5,454 in 2017 through 2021, a 570 percent increase.<ref name="nfcta-news" /> New York's budget reflected that category by making convertible-pistol sales a class D felony.<ref name="bill-pdf" /> At national scale, the Department of Justice reported in January 2025 that ''"Between 2017 and 2023, 92,702 suspected PMFs,"'' untraceable privately made firearms, ''"were recovered and reported"'' to the ATF.<ref name="doj-pmf" />

=== Detection methods and their failure modes ===

The central technical objection to the scanning mandate is that a printing file describes geometry, not purpose, so a scanner cannot reliably separate a restricted part from an ordinary one. Phillip Torrone of Adafruit, whose analysis Techdirt reproduced, framed the task as a classification problem:

<blockquote>''A firearms blueprint detection algorithm would need to identify every possible firearm component from raw STL/GCODE files, while not flagging pipes, tubes, blocks, brackets, gears, or any of the millions of legitimate shapes that happen to share geometric properties with gun parts. This is a classification problem with enormous false positive and false negative rates.''</blockquote><ref name="techdirt" />

Techdirt also noted that many printers run offline or on community-maintained firmware that no state library reaches, so a scanning requirement could not be enforced on them.<ref name="techdirt" /> The Electronic Frontier Foundation summarized the approach as ''"an unfeasible tech solution."''<ref name="eff" />

=== Legitimate prints misflagged as firearm parts ===

Critics argue that setting a scanner wide enough to catch a firearm part necessarily flags benign objects built to the same proportions. Torrone's list of shapes that share geometry with gun parts named pipes, tubes, blocks, brackets, and gears.<ref name="techdirt" /> One illustration, developed in a [[User:Louis/3D printer firearm-blocking mandates and geometric false positives|companion essay]], pairs a firearm sound-suppressor baffle, drawn in US Patent 7,987,944 as a conical bell with a central aperture, with the internal cones of Nikola Tesla's 1920 valvular conduit, US Patent 1,329,559.<ref name="baffle" /><ref name="tesla" /> Critics likewise argue that a per-file scan is easily defeated by editing a file slightly or splitting a part into pieces that each resemble nothing in particular.<ref name="techdirt" /><ref name="eff" />

== Consumer-rights and ownership concerns ==

The consumer-rights objection is that a blocking mandate puts a state-defined filter between owners and hardware they bought. The Electronic Frontier Foundation framed print-blocking as a return of digital rights management, writing that the New York approach repeats ''"the mistakes of DRM."''<ref name="eff" /> In its ''"Permission to Print"'' series the group tied the tactic to the [[Digital Millennium Copyright Act]], which it said made bypassing code that restricts the use of copyrighted content a federal crime, and treated a mandated filter on an owner's machine as a restriction on lawful use of property.<ref name="eff-permission" />

A second concern is loss of functionality through server dependency. The Electronic Frontier Foundation argued that restricting a device to manufacturer-provided software leaves owners dependent on the vendor and able to use the hardware only on the manufacturer's terms, a dependency illustrated by the cloud-authorization model documented in the [[Bambu Lab Authorization Control System]].<ref name="eff-permission" />

A third concern is copyleft compliance. The slicer and firmware that drive most consumer printers are open-source projects under copyleft licenses. PrusaSlicer and Bambu Studio are released under the GNU Affero General Public License version 3 (AGPLv3), and the firmware projects Marlin and Klipper are released under the GNU General Public License version 3 (GPLv3).<ref name="prusaslicer-lic" /><ref name="bambustudio-lic" /><ref name="marlin-lic" /><ref name="klipper-lic" /> GPLv3 Section 6 requires a distributor of a consumer product to provide the ''"Installation Information"'' needed to install and run a modified version of the covered software on that product, and AGPLv3 Section 13 requires that users interacting with modified software over a network be offered its source.<ref name="gpl3" /><ref name="agpl3" /> Those source-disclosure obligations have been enforced against printer makers: in August 2018 the US distributor Printed Solid stopped selling Creality machines over an unreleased Marlin source violation, and on May 18, 2026 the Software Freedom Conservancy alleged that Bambu Lab violated AGPLv3 by combining Bambu Studio with a proprietary library.<ref name="hackaday-marlin" /><ref name="sfc-bambu" /> A separate dispute over compiled binary modules on Creality's K1 and K2 printers is documented in the [[Creality K2 series GPLv3 violation]] article.

== Court cases ==

Whether a firearm design file is protected speech has been litigated apart from the printer mandates.<ref name="ca3" /> In ''Defense Distributed v. Attorney General New Jersey'', No. 23-3058, decided February 12, 2026, the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit affirmed the dismissal of a challenge by Defense Distributed and the Second Amendment Foundation to New Jersey's restrictions on distributing 3D-printed gun code.<ref name="ca3" /><ref name="courthouse" /> The court held that ''"Purely functional code with no expressive purpose, use, or intent is simply not covered by the First Amendment,"'' and affirmed because the plaintiffs had not pleaded that their files were expressive.<ref name="ca3" />

A related question, the federal status of an unfinished frame or receiver, reached the Supreme Court the year before. In ''Bondi v. VanDerStok'', No. 23-852, decided March 26, 2025, the Court upheld the ATF's 2022 frame-or-receiver rule and restated the statutory scheme, writing that under 18 U.S.C. section 921 (a)(3)(B), ''"a frame or receiver is, even when sold separately, subject to the Act's requirements."''<ref name="vanderstok" />

== Manufacturer and platform policies ==

Some companies market the kind of filtering that the state mandates would require. Print&Go, a 3D-printing workflow company, sells a product called "3D GUN'T" that it describes as a solution to prevent the printing of 3D-printed ghost guns, and the Manhattan District Attorney's 2025 letter pointed to that software as a model for printer makers to adopt.<ref name="printandgo" /><ref name="manhattanda" /> Other restrictive practices come from the printer makers themselves rather than from third-party filters: cloud-authorization and firmware locks are documented in the [[Bambu Lab Authorization Control System]], and a copyleft-compliance dispute over locked firmware in the [[Creality K2 series GPLv3 violation]].

== See also ==
* [[New York 3D printer blocking technology mandate]]
* [[User:Louis/3D-printed firearms and the technical basis for printer mandates]]
* [[User:Louis/3D printer firearm-blocking mandates and geometric false positives]]
* [[Digital Millennium Copyright Act]]
* [[DMCA Section 1201]]
* [[Right to Repair]]
* [[Bambu Lab Authorization Control System]]

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="bill">{{Cite web |url=https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/bills/2025/S9005/amendment/C |title=Senate Bill S9005C, FY2026-2027 budget (Public Protection and General Government), Part C |publisher=New York State Senate |date=2026-05-27 |access-date=2026-06-02}} The two-prong three-dimensional printer definition (Penal Law section 265.00(38)), the section 837-aa(1)(b) blocking-technology definition, the section 837-aa(1)(c) firearms blueprint detection algorithm and STL/CAD/geometric-code clause, and the May 27, 2026 signing status appear on this page.</ref>
<ref name="bill-pdf">{{Cite web |url=https://assembly.ny.gov/2026budget/2026_bills/enacted/A10005c.pdf |title=Enacted text of A. 10005-C / S. 9005-C, FY2026-2027 budget, Part C |publisher=New York State Assembly |date=2026-05-27 |access-date=2026-06-02}} The enacted text contains the General Business Law section 396-eeee(1) sales prohibition; the section 396-eeee(5) gunsmith-and-federal-license exemption with written Attorney General authorization; the section 396-eeee(3) $5,000-per-qualified-product civil penalty against a gun industry member and the section 396-eeee(2) Attorney General injunction and restitution authority; the section 837-aa(2) working group, its 90-day convening and one-year recommendation intervals and feasibility clause; the section 837-aa(3) nine-month rulemaking duty and section 837-aa(3)(b) library "including scans of seized firearms"; the Subpart B clause providing that section 396-eeee "shall take effect one year after the promulgation of rules"; and the criminal provisions at Penal Law section 265.10(10)-(12), including the class D felony for convertible-pistol sales on or after May 31, 2027.</ref>
<ref name="gov">{{Cite web |url=https://www.governor.ny.gov/news/keeping-new-yorkers-safe-governor-hochul-signs-legislation-strengthen-public-safety-and-make |title=Keeping New Yorkers Safe: Governor Hochul Signs Legislation to Strengthen Public Safety |publisher=Office of Governor Kathy Hochul |date=2026-05-27 |access-date=2026-06-02}}</ref>
<ref name="everytown">{{Cite web |url=https://www.everytown.org/press/new-york-shuts-down-the-plastic-pipeline-governor-hochul-and-lawmakers-pass-nation-leading-measures-to-stop-the-spread-of-diy-machine-guns-and-3d-printed-firearms-in-fy27-budget/ |title=New York Shuts Down the 'Plastic Pipeline': Governor Hochul and Lawmakers Pass Nation-Leading Measures to Stop the Spread of DIY Machine Guns and 3D-Printed Firearms in FY27 Budget |publisher=Everytown for Gun Safety |date=2026-05-21 |access-date=2026-06-02}}</ref>
<ref name="nra">{{Cite web |url=https://www.nraila.org/articles/20260527/new-york-gov-kathy-hochul-signs-gun-ban-in-state-budget-process |title=New York: Gov. Kathy Hochul Signs Gun Ban in State Budget Process |publisher=NRA Institute for Legislative Action |date=2026-05-27 |access-date=2026-06-02}}</ref>
<ref name="wa-bill">{{Cite web |url=https://app.leg.wa.gov/billsummary?BillNumber=2321&Year=2025 |title=HB 2321 - Requiring three-dimensional printers be equipped with certain blocking technologies |publisher=Washington State Legislature |date=2026 |access-date=2026-06-02}}</ref>
<ref name="wa-2320">{{Cite web |url=https://app.leg.wa.gov/billsummary?Year=2025&BillNumber=2320 |title=HB 2320 - 2025-26 |publisher=Washington State Legislature |date=2026 |access-date=2026-06-02}}</ref>
<ref name="toms-wa">{{Cite web |url=https://www.tomshardware.com/3d-printing/washington-state-proposes-new-3d-printed-gun-controls-with-blocking-features-and-blueprint-detection-algorithm-proposal-would-carry-sentences-of-five-years-in-prison-usd15-000-fine-for-violation |title=Washington state proposes new 3D-printed gun controls with blocking features and blueprint detection algorithm |author=Stephen Warwick |publisher=Tom's Hardware |date=2026-01-19 |access-date=2026-06-02}}</ref>
<ref name="ca-bill">{{Cite web |url=https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=202520260AB2047 |title=AB-2047 Firearms: 3-dimensional printing blocking technology |publisher=California Legislative Information |date=2026-05-18 |access-date=2026-06-02}}</ref>
<ref name="toms-ca">{{Cite web |url=https://www.tomshardware.com/3d-printing/california-assembly-passes-3d-printer-bill-that-would-criminalize-bypassing-mandated-gun-blocking-software |title=California Assembly passes 3D printer bill that would criminalize bypassing mandated gun-blocking software |author=Luke James |publisher=Tom's Hardware |date=2026-05-30 |access-date=2026-06-02}}</ref>
<ref name="co-bill">{{Cite web |url=https://leg.colorado.gov/bills/HB26-1144 |title=HB26-1144: Prohibit Three-Dimensional Printing Firearms and Components |publisher=Colorado General Assembly |date=2026 |access-date=2026-06-02}}</ref>
<ref name="manhattanda">{{Cite web |url=https://manhattanda.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Letter-Creality-3.26.25.pdf |title=Letter to Shenzhen Creality 3D Technology Co. |author=Alvin L. Bragg, Jr. |publisher=New York County District Attorney's Office |date=2025-03-26 |access-date=2026-06-02}} The March 26, 2025 letter urges Creality to make firearm-detection software a default, remove gun blueprints from its cloud platform, and ban illicit-weapon files in its user agreement, and cites Print&GO's "3D GUN'T" software as a model.</ref>
<ref name="printandgo">{{Cite web |url=https://printandgo.tech/blog/3d-gunt-solution-to-prevent-3d-printed-ghost-guns |title=3D GUN'T: Print&Go's solution to prevent 3D printed 'Ghost Guns' |publisher=Print&Go |date=2024-11-04 |access-date=2026-06-02}}</ref>
<ref name="saami">{{Cite web |url=https://www.outdoorlife.com/guns/what-is-p-ammo/ |title=What Is +P Ammo? |publisher=Outdoor Life |date=2021-06-01 |access-date=2026-06-02}} States the SAAMI maximum average pressure of 35,000 psi for the 9mm Luger cartridge.</ref>
<ref name="smallarms">{{Cite web |url=https://www.smallarmssurvey.org/sites/default/files/resources/SAS-OP32-Behind-the-Curve.pdf |title=Behind the Curve: New Technologies, New Control Challenges (Occasional Paper 32) |author=N.R. Jenzen-Jones |publisher=Small Arms Survey |date=2015 |access-date=2026-06-02}} Page 68 states that the AR-15 lower receiver "is primarily intended to ensure the correct alignment and interface of the operating parts of the firearm, and to house the trigger and fire selector and safety mechanisms."</ref>
<ref name="usc921">{{Cite web |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/921 |title=18 U.S.C. section 921, Definitions |publisher=Legal Information Institute, Cornell Law School |date=2024 |access-date=2026-06-02}} Defines a firearm to include "(B) the frame or receiver of any such weapon."</ref>
<ref name="cfr47812">{{Cite web |url=https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-27/chapter-II/subchapter-B/part-478/subject-group-ECFR0f9b5e597e57820/section-478.12 |title=27 CFR section 478.12, Definition of frame or receiver |publisher=Code of Federal Regulations |date=2022 |access-date=2026-06-02}}</ref>
<ref name="oig">{{Cite web |url=https://apsf.assembly.ca.gov/sites/apsf.assembly.ca.gov/files/AB%201089%20PCA%20Revised%20Version%20Final%20PDF.pdf |title=Assembly Bill 1089 committee analysis |publisher=California State Assembly Committee on Public Safety |date=2023 |access-date=2026-06-02}} Page 5 states that the Office of the Inspector General "estimated that the full cost for 3D printing a 9 millimeter handgun frame and adding unregulated firearm components (such as the barrel, trigger, slide, magazine, etc.) was around $700."</ref>
<ref name="forensic">{{Cite web |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10998078/ |title=The emergence of 3D-printed firearms: a forensic and criminological overview |publisher=Forensic Science International: Synergy |date=2024 |access-date=2026-06-02}} Catalogues 186 law-enforcement encounters; records 14 cases in the fully-3D-printed (F3DP) category, the fewest of its object types, and reports no discharged firearms among the seizures.</ref>
<ref name="ctc">{{Cite web |url=https://ctc.westpoint.edu/printing-terror-an-empirical-overview-of-the-use-of-3d-printed-firearms-by-right-wing-extremists/ |title=Printing Terror: An Empirical Overview of the Use of 3D-Printed Firearms by Right-Wing Extremists |publisher=Combating Terrorism Center at West Point |date=2024 |access-date=2026-06-02}}</ref>
<ref name="wired">{{Cite web |url=https://www.wired.com/story/luigi-mangione-ghost-gun-built-tested/ |title=We Built the Ghost Gun Luigi Mangione Allegedly Used, and Tested It |author=Andy Greenberg |publisher=WIRED |date=2025-05-19 |access-date=2026-06-02}} Reports that only the frame was printed while the slide, barrel, and trigger components were purchased metal parts, and that cycling faults traced to the purchased slide rather than the printed frame.</ref>
<ref name="nfcta-news">{{Cite web |url=https://www.news4jax.com/news/local/2023/02/14/atf-number-of-confiscated-illegal-machine-gun-conversion-devices-jump-570-in-5-years/ |title=ATF: Number of confiscated illegal machine gun conversion devices jump 570% in 5 years |author=Erik Avanier |publisher=News4JAX (WJXT) |date=2023-02-14 |access-date=2026-06-02}} Reports the ATF figures of 814 conversion devices confiscated 2012 to 2016 and 5,454 in 2017 to 2021, a 570% increase.</ref>
<ref name="doj-pmf">{{Cite web |url=https://www.justice.gov/archives/opa/pr/justice-department-announces-atfs-publication-final-volume-national-firearms-commerce-and |title=Justice Department Announces ATF's Publication of the Final Volume of the National Firearms Commerce and Trafficking Assessment |publisher=United States Department of Justice |date=2025-01-16 |access-date=2026-06-02}} States that "Between 2017 and 2023, 92,702 suspected PMFs ... were recovered and reported."</ref>
<ref name="eff">{{Cite web |url=https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2026/04/stop-new-yorks-attack-3d-printing |title=Stop New York's Attack on 3D Printing |author=Rory Mir and Nathan Sheard |publisher=Electronic Frontier Foundation |date=2026-04-16 |access-date=2026-06-02}} Calls the requirement "an unfeasible tech solution," describes print-blocking "censorware" that "surveils every print," and writes that the approach repeats "the mistakes of DRM."</ref>
<ref name="eff-permission">{{Cite web |url=https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2026/04/print-blocking-anti-consumer-permission-print-part-1 |title=Print Blocking is Anti-Consumer: Permission to Print Part 1 |publisher=Electronic Frontier Foundation |date=2026-04-02 |access-date=2026-06-02}}</ref>
<ref name="techdirt">{{Cite web |url=https://www.techdirt.com/2026/02/19/new-yorks-new-3d-printing-law-as-written-is-extremely-harmful-and-annoying/ |title=New York's New 3D Printing Law, As Written, Is Extremely Harmful And Annoying |author=Karl Bode |publisher=Techdirt |date=2026-02-19 |access-date=2026-06-02}} Reproduces Phillip Torrone of Adafruit on detection as "a classification problem with enormous false positive and false negative rates," on G-code as tool paths, and on the law reaching open-source firmware such as Marlin, Klipper, and RepRap and offline machines.</ref>
<ref name="baffle">{{Cite web |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US7987944B1 |title=US Patent 7,987,944 B1, Firearm sound suppressor baffle |publisher=United States Patent and Trademark Office |date=2011-08-02 |access-date=2026-06-02}} Figures show a conical bell with a central aperture and a rear plate within an outer tube.</ref>
<ref name="tesla">{{Cite web |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US1329559A |title=US Patent 1,329,559, Valvular Conduit |author=Nikola Tesla |publisher=United States Patent and Trademark Office |date=1920-02-03 |access-date=2026-06-02}} Drawings show internal cones that pass fluid one way and resist it the other.</ref>
<ref name="gpl3">{{Cite web |url=https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.html |title=GNU General Public License, version 3 |publisher=Free Software Foundation |date=2007-06-29 |access-date=2026-06-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260602103622/https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.html |archive-date=2026-06-02 |url-status=live}} Section 6 defines the Installation Information a distributor must provide with a User Product and defines a User Product to include a consumer product.</ref>
<ref name="agpl3">{{Cite web |url=https://www.gnu.org/licenses/agpl-3.0.html |title=GNU Affero General Public License, version 3 |publisher=Free Software Foundation |date=2007-11-19 |access-date=2026-06-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260602064947/https://www.gnu.org/licenses/agpl-3.0.html |archive-date=2026-06-02 |url-status=live}} Section 13 requires a modified version that supports remote network interaction to offer interacting users an opportunity to receive the Corresponding Source.</ref>
<ref name="prusaslicer-lic">{{Cite web |url=https://github.com/prusa3d/PrusaSlicer/blob/master/LICENSE |title=PrusaSlicer LICENSE file |publisher=Prusa Research (GitHub) |access-date=2026-06-02}} Identifies PrusaSlicer as licensed under the GNU Affero General Public License v3.0.</ref>
<ref name="bambustudio-lic">{{Cite web |url=https://github.com/bambulab/BambuStudio/blob/master/LICENSE |title=BambuStudio LICENSE file |publisher=Bambu Lab (GitHub) |access-date=2026-06-02}} Identifies bambulab/BambuStudio as licensed under the GNU Affero General Public License v3.0.</ref>
<ref name="marlin-lic">{{Cite web |url=https://github.com/MarlinFirmware/Marlin/blob/2.1.x/LICENSE |title=Marlin LICENSE file |publisher=MarlinFirmware (GitHub) |access-date=2026-06-02}} Reproduces the GNU General Public License Version 3.</ref>
<ref name="klipper-lic">{{Cite web |url=https://github.com/Klipper3d/klipper/blob/master/COPYING |title=Klipper COPYING file |publisher=Klipper3d (GitHub) |access-date=2026-06-02}} Reproduces the GNU General Public License Version 3.</ref>
<ref name="hackaday-marlin">{{Cite web |url=https://hackaday.com/2018/08/27/gpl-violations-cost-creality-a-us-distributor/ |title=GPL Violations Cost Creality A US Distributor |author=Tom Nardi |publisher=Hackaday |date=2018-08-27 |access-date=2026-06-02}} Reports that US distributor Printed Solid stopped selling Creality printers over unreleased Marlin (GPLv3) corresponding source on the CR-10 line.</ref>
<ref name="sfc-bambu">{{Cite web |url=https://sfconservancy.org/news/2026/may/18/bambu-studio-3d-printer-agpl-violation-response/ |title=Comprehensive Response to Bambu's AGPLv3 Violations |publisher=Software Freedom Conservancy |date=2026-05-18 |access-date=2026-06-02}} States that Bambu does not provide the complete Corresponding Source for Bambu Studio and combines it with a proprietary library.</ref>
<ref name="ca3">{{Cite web |url=https://www2.ca3.uscourts.gov/opinarch/233058p.pdf |title=Defense Distributed v. Attorney General New Jersey, No. 23-3058 |publisher=United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit |date=2026-02-12 |access-date=2026-06-02}} Page 30 states "Purely functional code with no expressive purpose, use, or intent is simply not covered by the First Amendment"; the court affirmed dismissal because the plaintiffs failed to plead that their files were expressive.</ref>
<ref name="courthouse">{{Cite web |url=https://www.courthousenews.com/third-circuit-backs-new-jerseys-crackdown-on-3d-printed-gun-code/ |title=Third Circuit backs New Jersey's crackdown on 3D-printed gun code |publisher=Courthouse News Service |date=2026-02-12 |access-date=2026-06-02}}</ref>
<ref name="vanderstok">{{Cite web |url=https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/24pdf/23-852_c07d.pdf |title=Bondi v. VanDerStok, No. 23-852 |publisher=Supreme Court of the United States |date=2025-03-26 |access-date=2026-06-02}} Page 7 states that "a frame or receiver is, even when sold separately, subject to the Act's requirements"; the Court upheld the ATF's 2022 frame-or-receiver rule.</ref>
</references>

[[Category:Anti-consumer practices]]
[[Category:Right to Repair]]
[[Category:Legislation]]
[[Category:Digital rights management]]