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[[wikipedia:Cisco|Cisco Systems, Inc.]] is one of the largest manufacturers of enterprise networking equipment in the world, with a long-standing dominant share of the United States and global markets for [[wikipedia:Network switch|Ethernet switches]] and [[wikipedia:Router (computing)|routers]]. Beginning in the mid-2010s, Cisco has been the subject of antitrust complaints alleging that it leverages its near-monopoly position in maintenance services for its own equipment — primarily through service contracts marketed under the "SmartNet" brand — to compel customers to purchase additional networking hardware and to discourage them from buying through independent resellers. Two lawsuits filed by independent resellers, ''Dexon Computer, Inc. v. Cisco Systems, Inc.'' (E.D. Tex. 2022)<ref name="courtlistener-edtx">{{cite web |title=Dexon Computer, Inc. v. Cisco Systems, Inc., 5:22-cv-00053 |url=https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/63269284/dexon-computer-inc-v-cisco-systems-inc/ |website=CourtListener |publisher=Free Law Project |access-date=April 29, 2026}}</ref> and ''Summit 360, Inc. v. Cisco Systems, Inc.'' (D. Minn. 2025),<ref name="Summit360Complaint">{{cite web |title=Complaint, Summit 360, Inc. v. Cisco Systems, Inc., Case No. 0:25-cv-02202 |url=https://casefilingsalert.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Cisco-Accused-of-Monopoly.pdf |publisher=U.S. District Court for the District of Minnesota |author=Summit 360, Inc. |date=May 22, 2025 |access-date=April 29, 2026}}</ref> have characterized these tactics using a phrase allegedly common<ref name="Summit360Complaint" /> within Cisco's own internal vocabulary: "fear, uncertainty, and doubt," or FUD. Earlier antitrust matters brought by Multiven (2008) and Arista Networks (2016) raised related concerns about how Cisco bundles software updates and other after-market services with its hardware sales.
[[wikipedia:Cisco|Cisco Systems, Inc.]] is one of the largest manufacturers of enterprise networking equipment in the world, with a long-standing dominant share of the United States and global markets for [[wikipedia:Network switch|Ethernet switches]] and [[wikipedia:Router (computing)|routers]]. Beginning in the mid-2010s, Cisco has been the subject of antitrust complaints alleging that it leverages its near-monopoly position in maintenance services for its own equipment, primarily through service contracts marketed under the "SmartNet" brand, to compel customers to purchase additional networking hardware and to discourage them from buying through independent resellers. Two lawsuits filed by independent resellers, ''Dexon Computer, Inc. v. Cisco Systems, Inc.'' (E.D. Tex. 2022)<ref name="courtlistener-edtx">{{cite web |title=Dexon Computer, Inc. v. Cisco Systems, Inc., 5:22-cv-00053 |url=https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/63269284/dexon-computer-inc-v-cisco-systems-inc/ |website=CourtListener |publisher=Free Law Project |access-date=April 29, 2026}}</ref> and ''Summit 360, Inc. v. Cisco Systems, Inc.'' (D. Minn. 2025),<ref name="Summit360Complaint">{{cite web |title=Complaint, Summit 360, Inc. v. Cisco Systems, Inc., Case No. 0:25-cv-02202 |url=https://casefilingsalert.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Cisco-Accused-of-Monopoly.pdf |publisher=U.S. District Court for the District of Minnesota |author=Summit 360, Inc. |date=May 22, 2025 |access-date=April 29, 2026}}</ref> have characterized these tactics using a phrase allegedly common<ref name="Summit360Complaint" /> within Cisco's own internal vocabulary: "fear, uncertainty, and doubt," or FUD. Earlier antitrust matters brought by Multiven (2008) and Arista Networks (2016) raised related concerns about how Cisco bundles software updates and other after-market services with its hardware sales.


==Background==
==Background==


Cisco distributes its networking equipment primarily through what the ''Summit 360'' complaint describes as an "Authorized Channel" of contracted resellers and distributors, which the complaint states consists of more than 8,000 organizations in the United States.<ref name="Summit360Complaint" /> Alongside this authorized channel, an "Independent Channel" of resellers — sometimes referred to as the secondary or grey market — supplies new and used Cisco-branded equipment to end users, generally at lower prices and with shorter lead times than Cisco's authorized partners. Independent resellers also frequently sell equipment from Cisco's competitors, including Juniper Networks, Arista Networks, and Hewlett Packard Enterprise.<ref name="computerworld-aftermarket">{{cite news |last=Cox |first=John |title=Cisco set to fight aftermarket sellers |url=https://www.computerworld.com/article/1650570/cisco-set-to-fight-aftermarket-sellers.html |work=Computerworld |date=2007 |access-date=April 29, 2026}}</ref><ref name="packetpushers-graymarket">{{cite web |last=Conran |first=Greg |title=Aspects Of The Gray Market For IT Gear |url=https://packetpushers.net/blog/aspects-of-the-gray-market-for-it-gear/ |publisher=Packet Pushers |date=January 26, 2024 |access-date=April 29, 2026}}</ref><ref name="register-cdw">{{cite news |last=Robinson |first=Dan |title=CDW settles in lawsuit with rival reseller over Cisco sales |url=https://www.theregister.com/2024/01/15/cdw_settles_in_lawsuit/ |work=The Register |date=January 15, 2024 |access-date=April 29, 2026}}</ref>
Cisco distributes its networking equipment primarily through what the ''Summit 360'' complaint describes as an "Authorized Channel" of contracted resellers and distributors, which the complaint states consists of more than 8,000 organizations in the United States.<ref name="Summit360Complaint" /> Alongside this authorized channel, an "Independent Channel" of resellers (sometimes referred to as the secondary or grey market) supplies new and used Cisco-branded equipment to end users, generally at lower prices and with shorter lead times than Cisco's authorized partners. Independent resellers also frequently sell equipment from Cisco's competitors, including Juniper Networks, Arista Networks, and Hewlett Packard Enterprise.<ref name="computerworld-aftermarket">{{cite news |last=Cox |first=John |title=Cisco set to fight aftermarket sellers |url=https://www.computerworld.com/article/1650570/cisco-set-to-fight-aftermarket-sellers.html |work=Computerworld |date=2007 |access-date=April 29, 2026}}</ref><ref name="packetpushers-graymarket">{{cite web |last=Conran |first=Greg |title=Aspects Of The Gray Market For IT Gear |url=https://packetpushers.net/blog/aspects-of-the-gray-market-for-it-gear/ |publisher=Packet Pushers |date=January 26, 2024 |access-date=April 29, 2026}}</ref><ref name="register-cdw">{{cite news |last=Robinson |first=Dan |title=CDW settles in lawsuit with rival reseller over Cisco sales |url=https://www.theregister.com/2024/01/15/cdw_settles_in_lawsuit/ |work=The Register |date=January 15, 2024 |access-date=April 29, 2026}}</ref>


Cisco has consistently held a dominant share of the U.S. and global markets for [[wikipedia:Network switch|Ethernet switches]] and [[wikipedia:Router (computing)|routers]] over the period at issue. According to International Data Corporation (IDC), Cisco's share of the worldwide Ethernet switch market exceeded 57% at the end of 2016<ref name="tadviser-idc-2016">{{cite web |title=Ethernet LAN Switches (Global Market) |url=https://tadviser.com/index.php/Article:Ethernet_LAN_Switches_(Global_Market) |publisher=TAdviser |access-date=April 29, 2026}}</ref> and stood at 47.1% in the second quarter of 2023, before declining as the market expanded with new entrants serving AI-driven demand for datacenter hardware.<ref name="idc-2q24">{{cite web |title=IDC Finds Mixed Results for Q2 2024 in the Worldwide Ethernet Switch and Router Markets |url=https://my.idc.com/getdoc.jsp?containerId=prUS52590024 |publisher=International Data Corporation |date=September 12, 2024 |access-date=April 29, 2026}}</ref>
Cisco has consistently held a dominant share of the U.S. and global markets for [[wikipedia:Network switch|Ethernet switches]] and [[wikipedia:Router (computing)|routers]] over the period at issue. According to International Data Corporation (IDC), Cisco's share of the worldwide Ethernet switch market exceeded 57% at the end of 2016<ref name="tadviser-idc-2016">{{cite web |title=Ethernet LAN Switches (Global Market) |url=https://tadviser.com/index.php/Article:Ethernet_LAN_Switches_(Global_Market) |publisher=TAdviser |access-date=April 29, 2026}}</ref> and stood at 47.1% in the second quarter of 2023, before declining as the market expanded with new entrants serving AI-driven demand for datacenter hardware.<ref name="idc-2q24">{{cite web |title=IDC Finds Mixed Results for Q2 2024 in the Worldwide Ethernet Switch and Router Markets |url=https://my.idc.com/getdoc.jsp?containerId=prUS52590024 |publisher=International Data Corporation |date=September 12, 2024 |access-date=April 29, 2026}}</ref>
Line 31: Line 31:
==='FUD' tactics===
==='FUD' tactics===


A central allegation in both lawsuits is that Cisco trains and incentivizes its sales force and a designated "brand protection" team to deploy what the company's own employees reportedly refer to as FUD — fear, uncertainty, and doubt — to discourage end users from purchasing equipment outside the authorized channel. The ''Summit 360'' complaint states that customer-facing materials prepared for this purpose suggest that equipment purchased through independent resellers may be counterfeit, unauthorized, or compromised by malware, and that Cisco representatives have communicated such concerns directly to customers, sometimes without supporting evidence.<ref name="Summit360Complaint" /> The ''Dexon'' complaint alleges that, in one instance, Cisco told a Maryland customer that line cards sold by Dexon contained malware, despite the components in question containing no software at all.<ref name="law360-filing" />
A central allegation in both lawsuits is that Cisco trains and incentivizes its sales force and a designated "brand protection" team to deploy what the company's own employees reportedly refer to as FUD (fear, uncertainty, and doubt) to discourage end users from purchasing equipment outside the authorized channel. The ''Summit 360'' complaint states that customer-facing materials prepared for this purpose suggest that equipment purchased through independent resellers may be counterfeit, unauthorized, or compromised by malware, and that Cisco representatives have communicated such concerns directly to customers, sometimes without supporting evidence.<ref name="Summit360Complaint" /> The ''Dexon'' complaint alleges that, in one instance, Cisco told a Maryland customer that line cards sold by Dexon contained malware, despite the components in question containing no software at all.<ref name="law360-filing" />


The ''Summit 360'' complaint provides an example in which a Cisco representative reportedly told a cargo airline that Summit 360 was "under investigation" while a large purchase order was pending, language the complaint characterizes as designed to interrupt the transaction.<ref name="Summit360Complaint" />
The ''Summit 360'' complaint provides an example in which a Cisco representative reportedly told a cargo airline that Summit 360 was "under investigation" while a large purchase order was pending, language the complaint characterizes as designed to interrupt the transaction.<ref name="Summit360Complaint" />
Line 41: Line 41:
===Customer audits and IOS licensing changes===
===Customer audits and IOS licensing changes===


The ''Summit 360'' complaint focuses on a set of practices that post-date the conduct alleged in ''Dexon''. According to the complaint, Cisco uses customer audits — conducted under the company's End User License Agreement, its successor "General Terms," or as part of voluntary "health check" programs — to identify equipment supplied through independent resellers and to charge customers re-certification or re-licensing fees on that equipment.<ref name="Summit360Complaint" />
The ''Summit 360'' complaint focuses on a set of practices that post-date the conduct alleged in ''Dexon''. According to the complaint, Cisco uses customer audits, conducted under the company's End User License Agreement, its successor "General Terms," or as part of voluntary "health check" programs, to identify equipment supplied through independent resellers and to charge customers re-certification or re-licensing fees on that equipment.<ref name="Summit360Complaint" />


The ''Summit 360'' complaint further alleges that Cisco's newer generation of switches and routers requires a software subscription that is tied to the original purchaser, restricting access to IOS updates for equipment that subsequently changes hands through the secondary market.<ref name="Summit360Complaint" /> The U.S. Department of Justice referenced what it described as "Cisco fatigue" arising from these licensing practices in its January 2025 complaint to block Hewlett Packard Enterprise's proposed acquisition of Juniper Networks.<ref name="DOJHPEJuniperCIS">{{cite web |title=United States v. Hewlett Packard Enterprise Co., et al.; Proposed Final Judgment and Competitive Impact Statement |url=https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2025/07/10/2025-12887/united-states-v-hewlett-packard-enterprise-co-et-al-proposed-final-judgment-and-competitive-impact |publisher=Federal Register, U.S. Department of Justice |date=July 10, 2025 |access-date=April 29, 2026}}</ref>
The ''Summit 360'' complaint further alleges that Cisco's newer generation of switches and routers requires a software subscription that is tied to the original purchaser, restricting access to IOS updates for equipment that subsequently changes hands through the secondary market.<ref name="Summit360Complaint" /> The U.S. Department of Justice referenced what it described as "Cisco fatigue" arising from these licensing practices in its January 2025 complaint to block Hewlett Packard Enterprise's proposed acquisition of Juniper Networks.<ref name="DOJHPEJuniperCIS">{{cite web |title=United States v. Hewlett Packard Enterprise Co., et al.; Proposed Final Judgment and Competitive Impact Statement |url=https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2025/07/10/2025-12887/united-states-v-hewlett-packard-enterprise-co-et-al-proposed-final-judgment-and-competitive-impact |publisher=Federal Register, U.S. Department of Justice |date=July 10, 2025 |access-date=April 29, 2026}}</ref>

Revision as of 21:08, 29 April 2026

Cisco Systems, Inc. is one of the largest manufacturers of enterprise networking equipment in the world, with a long-standing dominant share of the United States and global markets for Ethernet switches and routers. Beginning in the mid-2010s, Cisco has been the subject of antitrust complaints alleging that it leverages its near-monopoly position in maintenance services for its own equipment, primarily through service contracts marketed under the "SmartNet" brand, to compel customers to purchase additional networking hardware and to discourage them from buying through independent resellers. Two lawsuits filed by independent resellers, Dexon Computer, Inc. v. Cisco Systems, Inc. (E.D. Tex. 2022)[1] and Summit 360, Inc. v. Cisco Systems, Inc. (D. Minn. 2025),[2] have characterized these tactics using a phrase allegedly common[2] within Cisco's own internal vocabulary: "fear, uncertainty, and doubt," or FUD. Earlier antitrust matters brought by Multiven (2008) and Arista Networks (2016) raised related concerns about how Cisco bundles software updates and other after-market services with its hardware sales.

Background

Cisco distributes its networking equipment primarily through what the Summit 360 complaint describes as an "Authorized Channel" of contracted resellers and distributors, which the complaint states consists of more than 8,000 organizations in the United States.[2] Alongside this authorized channel, an "Independent Channel" of resellers (sometimes referred to as the secondary or grey market) supplies new and used Cisco-branded equipment to end users, generally at lower prices and with shorter lead times than Cisco's authorized partners. Independent resellers also frequently sell equipment from Cisco's competitors, including Juniper Networks, Arista Networks, and Hewlett Packard Enterprise.[3][4][5]

Cisco has consistently held a dominant share of the U.S. and global markets for Ethernet switches and routers over the period at issue. According to International Data Corporation (IDC), Cisco's share of the worldwide Ethernet switch market exceeded 57% at the end of 2016[6] and stood at 47.1% in the second quarter of 2023, before declining as the market expanded with new entrants serving AI-driven demand for datacenter hardware.[7]

Cisco's principal service contract for end users is marketed as "SmartNet." A SmartNet contract typically provides software updates, technical support, and hardware replacement for covered equipment.[8] The complaints state that customers without an active SmartNet contract may lose access to security and operational updates necessary for their equipment to continue functioning properly, leaving most enterprise customers effectively dependent on the contract.[9][2]

Alleged practices

SmartNet as a coercive tool

The Dexon complaint alleges that, after a customer has purchased and begun using a SmartNet contract for previously installed equipment, Cisco subsequently demanded that the customer either purchase new networking equipment or pay a "re-certification" fee on existing hardware as a condition of continued service under the contract.[9][10] The complaint provides several Texas-based examples in which Cisco was alleged to have withheld or threatened to withhold maintenance services unless customers ceased purchasing equipment from Dexon, including a regional bank, an energy company, a local 911 emergency call center, an automobile dealership, and an independent school district.[11][9]

The Summit 360 complaint describes a similar practice, alleging that Cisco's recertification fees can exceed the value of the equipment itself, leaving end users with no practical option other than to purchase entirely new hardware through the authorized channel.[2]

'FUD' tactics

A central allegation in both lawsuits is that Cisco trains and incentivizes its sales force and a designated "brand protection" team to deploy what the company's own employees reportedly refer to as FUD (fear, uncertainty, and doubt) to discourage end users from purchasing equipment outside the authorized channel. The Summit 360 complaint states that customer-facing materials prepared for this purpose suggest that equipment purchased through independent resellers may be counterfeit, unauthorized, or compromised by malware, and that Cisco representatives have communicated such concerns directly to customers, sometimes without supporting evidence.[2] The Dexon complaint alleges that, in one instance, Cisco told a Maryland customer that line cards sold by Dexon contained malware, despite the components in question containing no software at all.[9]

The Summit 360 complaint provides an example in which a Cisco representative reportedly told a cargo airline that Summit 360 was "under investigation" while a large purchase order was pending, language the complaint characterizes as designed to interrupt the transaction.[2]

Cisco–CDW conspiracy allegations

The Dexon complaint named CDW Corporation, one of Cisco's largest authorized resellers, as a co-defendant. Dexon alleged that the two companies had agreed to coordinate sales such that CDW would absorb business that customers had previously placed with Dexon, and that CDW would refuse to supply Dexon with Cisco products and SmartNet contracts.[9][5] The complaint cited an order from a Pennsylvania hospital system as a specific example, alleging that Cisco threatened to cancel the hospital's existing SmartNet coverage unless it cancelled an equipment order placed with Dexon, and that CDW subsequently filled the order at a higher price.[9]

Customer audits and IOS licensing changes

The Summit 360 complaint focuses on a set of practices that post-date the conduct alleged in Dexon. According to the complaint, Cisco uses customer audits, conducted under the company's End User License Agreement, its successor "General Terms," or as part of voluntary "health check" programs, to identify equipment supplied through independent resellers and to charge customers re-certification or re-licensing fees on that equipment.[2]

The Summit 360 complaint further alleges that Cisco's newer generation of switches and routers requires a software subscription that is tied to the original purchaser, restricting access to IOS updates for equipment that subsequently changes hands through the secondary market.[2] The U.S. Department of Justice referenced what it described as "Cisco fatigue" arising from these licensing practices in its January 2025 complaint to block Hewlett Packard Enterprise's proposed acquisition of Juniper Networks.[12]

Cisco's response

Throughout the Dexon litigation, Cisco maintained that the substantive dispute between the two companies was its own earlier-filed counterfeiting suit against Dexon in the Northern District of California, in which Cisco alleged that Dexon had trafficked in counterfeit Cisco products.[13] Cisco moved to transfer the Texas antitrust case to California and to dismiss the complaint, but the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Texas denied both motions in March 2023, and the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit declined to issue a writ of mandamus directing transfer in July 2023.[14][15] In October 2023, the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California granted Cisco a preliminary injunction barring Dexon from selling certain products that Cisco had identified as counterfeit.[16]

In a public statement following the global settlement of the two cases in January 2024, Cisco's lead trial counsel characterized the resolution as a successful outcome for the company's anti-counterfeiting enforcement program, citing terms under which Dexon agreed to cease unauthorized resales of Cisco products and to apply to join Cisco's authorized reseller program.[13][17]

Lawsuits

Dexon Computer, Inc. v. Cisco Systems, Inc.

Dexon Computer, Inc., a Minnesota-based independent reseller, filed an antitrust complaint against Cisco and CDW in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Texas on April 27, 2022.[1][9] The complaint asserted claims under Sections 1 and 2 of the Sherman Act, the Texas Free Enterprise and Antitrust Act, and a per se tying theory based on the alleged use of SmartNet contracts as a tying product for new equipment purchases.[18] The dispute followed a 2020 lawsuit filed by Cisco against Dexon in the Northern District of California, in which Cisco alleged trademark infringement and counterfeit trafficking.[19]

In a January 17, 2024 summary judgment ruling, the court dismissed Dexon's Sherman Act § 1 conspiracy and per se tying claims while allowing the monopolization claims under Section 2 to proceed to trial.[20][21] CDW reached a separate settlement with Dexon shortly before trial.[5] Trial began in Texarkana, Texas on January 22, 2024.[22]

On January 29, 2024, before the case reached the jury, Dexon and Cisco reached a global settlement that resolved both the Texas antitrust case and the parallel California counterfeit case without a verdict.[23][13] A related insurance-coverage matter, Dexon Computer, Inc. v. Travelers Property Casualty Co. of America, was decided by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit in May 2024.[24]

Summit 360, Inc. v. Cisco Systems, Inc.

On May 22, 2025, Summit 360, Inc., another Minnesota-based independent reseller, filed an antitrust complaint against Cisco in the U.S. District Court for the District of Minnesota.[2][25] The complaint asserts claims under Section 2 of the Sherman Act, the Minnesota Antitrust Law, and a state-law claim for tortious interference with prospective economic advantage.[2] The complaint cites the January 2024 Dexon summary judgment ruling as authority that Cisco's FUD tactics may form part of an anticompetitive scheme.[2]

The Summit 360 complaint expands on the allegations made in Dexon by describing additional practices that the complaint characterizes as anticompetitive, including customer audits conducted under EULA and licensing terms, technological restrictions on IOS updates for newer Cisco hardware, and the use of counterfeit allegations against independent resellers.[2] As of the date of this article, the case is pending.[26]

Earlier antitrust litigation

Both the Dexon and Summit 360 complaints reference earlier antitrust matters involving Cisco. In 2008, Multiven, Inc., a third-party network maintenance provider, filed an antitrust suit against Cisco alleging that Cisco's bundling of software bug fixes with its SmartNet maintenance contracts excluded competition in the after-market for service on Cisco equipment.[27] The case settled in August 2010.[28]

In 2015, Arista Networks, Inc. brought antitrust counterclaims against Cisco in the context of long-running patent litigation between the two companies, alleging that Cisco's pricing of SmartNet functioned as a charge on multivendor networks.[29] The court denied Cisco's motion for summary judgment on the antitrust claims, ruling that the evidence was sufficient to proceed to trial.[2] The two companies reached a comprehensive settlement in August 2018, under which Arista paid Cisco $400 million.[30][31]


References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Dexon Computer, Inc. v. Cisco Systems, Inc., 5:22-cv-00053". CourtListener. Free Law Project. Retrieved April 29, 2026.
  2. ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 Summit 360, Inc. (May 22, 2025). "Complaint, Summit 360, Inc. v. Cisco Systems, Inc., Case No. 0:25-cv-02202" (PDF). U.S. District Court for the District of Minnesota. Retrieved April 29, 2026.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  3. ↑ Cox, John (2007). "Cisco set to fight aftermarket sellers". Computerworld. Retrieved April 29, 2026.
  4. ↑ Conran, Greg (January 26, 2024). "Aspects Of The Gray Market For IT Gear". Packet Pushers. Retrieved April 29, 2026.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Robinson, Dan (January 15, 2024). "CDW settles in lawsuit with rival reseller over Cisco sales". The Register. Retrieved April 29, 2026.
  6. ↑ "Ethernet LAN Switches (Global Market)". TAdviser. Retrieved April 29, 2026.
  7. ↑ "IDC Finds Mixed Results for Q2 2024 in the Worldwide Ethernet Switch and Router Markets". International Data Corporation. September 12, 2024. Retrieved April 29, 2026.
  8. ↑ "Cisco SMARTnet Service Q&A" (PDF). Cisco Systems, Inc. Retrieved April 29, 2026.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named law360-filing
  10. ↑ Arcieri, Katie (April 3, 2023). "Dexon Wins Approval to Move Forward with Cisco Antitrust Case". Bloomberg Law. Retrieved April 29, 2026.
  11. ↑ "Network provider Cisco accused of intimidation, monopoly". Texarkana Gazette. April 30, 2022. Retrieved April 29, 2026.
  12. ↑ "United States v. Hewlett Packard Enterprise Co., et al.; Proposed Final Judgment and Competitive Impact Statement". Federal Register, U.S. Department of Justice. July 10, 2025. Retrieved April 29, 2026.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 "Cisco Systems Resolves Antitrust Allegations and Counterfeit-Trafficking Claims in Sweeping Settlement Agreement". Kellogg, Hansen, Todd, Figel & Frederick. January 31, 2024. Retrieved April 29, 2026.
  14. ↑ Template:Cite court
  15. ↑ "5th Circuit Denies Cisco Mandamus Relief to Transfer Dexon's Antitrust Case to Northern Calif". Communications Litigation Today. July 21, 2023. Retrieved April 29, 2026.
  16. ↑ Kim, Gina (October 5, 2023). "Cisco Systems Blocks Dexon From Selling Knockoff Products". Law360. Retrieved April 29, 2026.
  17. ↑ "Dexon v. Cisco Agreed Joint Statement". Haltom & Doan. January 2024. Retrieved April 29, 2026.
  18. ↑ "Dexon Computer, Inc. v. Cisco Systems, Inc., et al". UniCourt. Retrieved April 29, 2026.
  19. ↑ "Cisco Systems, Inc. v. Dexon Computer, Inc., 3:20-cv-04926". CourtListener. Free Law Project. Retrieved April 29, 2026.
  20. ↑ Template:Cite court
  21. ↑ Koenig, Bryan (January 17, 2024). "Reseller's Antitrust Claims Against Cisco Teed Up For Trial". Law360. Retrieved April 29, 2026.
  22. ↑ Scarcella, Mike (January 23, 2024). "Cisco battles reseller's antitrust lawsuit over network equipment". Reuters. Republished by China Intellectual Property Lawyers Network. Retrieved April 29, 2026.
  23. ↑ Foretek, Jared (January 29, 2024). "Reseller Drops Antitrust Countersuit Against Cisco Midtrial". Law360. Retrieved April 29, 2026.
  24. ↑ Template:Cite court
  25. ↑ "Cisco Faces Antitrust Lawsuit Over Alleged Monopoly Tactics in Networking Market". PYMNTS / Competition Policy International. May 25, 2025. Retrieved April 29, 2026.
  26. ↑ "Antitrust – Cisco – Summit 360 litigation over alleged monopolization of computer networking market (US)". MLex. May 2025. Retrieved April 29, 2026.
  27. ↑ McNamara, Paul (2008). "Net maintenance provider sues Cisco over allegedly monopolistic SMARTnet". Network World. Retrieved April 29, 2026.
  28. ↑ Lawson, Stephen (August 2010). "Cisco settles antitrust suit over software updates". Computerworld. Retrieved April 29, 2026.
  29. ↑ Duffy, Jim (2015). "Arista Countersues Cisco, Claiming Antitrust Violations". Network World. Retrieved April 29, 2026.
  30. ↑ Jan Wolfe (August 6, 2018). "Arista to pay $400 million to Cisco to resolve court fight". Reuters (via AOL). Retrieved April 29, 2026.
  31. ↑ "Arista to Pay Cisco $400M to Settle Patent, Antitrust Lawsuits". Bloomberg Law. August 6, 2018. Retrieved April 29, 2026.
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