Forced arbitration

Forced arbitration is a practice in which businesses can require their customers to resolve disputes through arbitration, instead of a traditional court system. Per Wikipedia: "Arbitration is a formal method of dispute resolution involving a third party neutral who makes a binding decision."

How it works

Businesses will typically add an arbitration clause to their Terms of Service or Terms of Use. This clause generally outlines how disputes are handled between the consumer and the business. A good example of a typical arbitration clause can be found in Instagram's Terms of Use, which, as of January 6, 2025, is under Section 7.4 - How We Will Handle Disputes:

"Except as provided below, you and we agree that any cause of action, legal claim, or dispute between you and us arising out of or related to these Terms or Instagram ("claim(s)") must be resolved by arbitration on an individual basis. Class actions and class arbitrations are not permitted; you and we may bring a claim only on your own behalf and cannot seek relief that would affect other Instagram users."

Currently, in the United States, arbitration clauses such as this one are legal under the Federal Arbitration Act (FAA). Efforts have been made, however, to prohibit forced arbitration, most notably the Forced Arbitration Injustice Repeal (FAIR) Act of 2023. The United Nations has published a guideline for consumer protections in 2016, which lists the following under IV 11(c):

"Businesses should provide complete, accurate and not misleading information regarding the goods and services, terms, conditions, applicable fees and final costs to enable consumers to take informed decisions. Businesses should ensure easy access to this information, especially to the key terms and conditions"

Why it is a problem

Revocation of rights

The practice of forced arbitration is one that is designed to revoke the rights of the consumer. In this case, the consumer's right to sue or participate in a class action against a business. Instead, the consumer must work with an arbiter of the businesses' choosing behind closed doors to resolve claims, which is widely believed to result in biased outcomes.

Bypassing of constitutional rights

Due to the out of place nature of arbitration, various rights granted by the US constitution and its amendments are entirely bypassed.

The 7th amendment, also known as the right to a trial by jury, is bypassed via forced arbitration. Additionally, the 6th amendment, also known as the right to a speedy trial, is also bypassed by arbitration since arbitrated cases can take excessively longer than traditional public trials, especially when lawsuits that could have been filed under class action, end up being broken up into hundreds of individually arbitrated cases, such as what has happened with Bucher Law PLLC Vs. Valve Inc.

Inconvenient opt-out procedure

Arbitration is often made inconvenient for users to opt-out of. Instead of giving users the option to do so at sign-up digitally, most businesses will require users to send a handwritten letter within 30 days of their sign-up to opt-out of arbitration. This type of opt-out clause can also be seen in Instagram's Terms of Use:

"You can opt out of this provision within 30 days of the date that you agreed to these Terms. To opt out, you must send your name, residence address, username, email address or phone number you use for your Instagram account, and a clear statement that you want to opt out of this arbitration agreement, and you must send them here:" [Address redacted]

This practice is similar to how gyms will often require members to travel to their location or send snail mail to cancel a membership, while an online system could easily be put in its place.

Conflict of interest

Companies track performance of arbitrators over time, and as such, are able to pick arbitrators that lean towards the industry rather than the consumer. While both the consumer and company theoretically have some control over the selection of the arbitrator, the company generally has an information advantage in the selection process. Furthermore, individual arbitrators have a long-term financial incentive to bias their rulings in favor of corporations, as the corporation is much more likely to become a "repeat customer" than the consumer. In extreme cases, entire arbitration firms may have a material conflict of interest.

Examples

Main article: List of products and services with forced arbitration

Some examples of arbitration clauses in terms and conditions include:

• Bandcamp Terms of Service, as of 2025-10-20. In addition, users in countries where forced arbitration is not allowed cannot use the service: "Use of the Service is not authorized in any jurisdiction that does not give effect to all provisions of these Terms of Use, including without limitation, this section."
• CNN Terms of Service, as of 2025-10-13 "14. CLASS ACTION AND JURY TRIAL WAIVER"
• Indeed Terms of Service, as of 2025-08-22 - Section D: General Terms for All Users - 12. Arbitration Agreement
• Instagram Terms of Use - Section 7.4 - How We Will Handle Disputes
• Itch.io Terms of Service Section 15. Class Action Waiver does not force arbitration, but still seeks to revoke rights to participate in class action or collective arbitration proceedings.
• Powell's Books - Has forced arbitration clause in their Term of Use.
• Section 13.1. Binding arbitration agreement and class action waiver, of Proton's Terms of Service, says " Please read this section and the class action waiver section carefully – it may significantly affect your legal rights, including your right to file a lawsuit in court and to have a jury hear your claims. It contains procedures for mandatory binding arbitration and a class action waiver."
• Sony PlayStation Network Terms of Service - Section 14 - Binding Individual Arbitration
• Roku, in March of 2024, prompted a pop-up on its devices for the tv owners to accept new terms of use, which included preventing "mass arbitration" from multiple plantiffs, before being able to use their devices. Opting out can be done by mail, but only after accepting the agreement shown on the TV.
• Spotify's End User Agreement, since 2015, contains a Mandatory Arbitration Agreement and Class Action Waiver
• Ticketmaster Terms of Use - Section 17 - Mandatory Arbitration Agreement and Class Action Waiver
• Western Digital - Has a forced-arbitration clause in the warranty for a ST500DM002-1BD142 hard drive. Clause 1, section "C". (And possibly other products.)
• Yahoo Terms of Service - Section 14.2.b "BINDING ARBITRATION AGREEMENT"
• Zenimax Media (Bethesda) has an arbitration agreement that can only be opted out of within 30 days, by mail.
• Zoom's Terms of Service, Section 27.1, says: "You and Zoom agree that any dispute or claim between you and Zoom arising out of or relating to this Agreement or the Services (a “Dispute”), including any related software, hardware, integrations, advertising or marketing communications, your account, or any aspects of your relationship or transactions with Zoom, will be resolved by binding arbitration, rather than in court."