Cloud (service)

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In consumer technology, a cloud service typically refers to a data processing service provided by a service provider (often product manufacturer), often for a periodic fee. Typical examples of such services include data storage, off-device data processing, easy access to an internet-connected device from anywhere with an internet connection and synchronization between devices.

The term "cloud services" borrows from a term cloud computing, which cloud services are often built upon. However, a "cloud service" may refer to a data processing service provided by the manufacturer that is not based on cloud computing. A typical defining feature of a cloud service is lack of information about the infrastructure that processes the data.

How it works

When features of a product rely on data processing outside of consumers' devices, there has to be another device responsible for these functions.

Cloud services function on devices provided by a service provider, with their specifics or even existence hidden from the user behind user interfaces in an effort to simplify user experience.

One adage is often quoted in relation to cloud services: "There is no cloud, it's just somebody else's computer". This means that the failure of a device you know nothing about can result in your device/service not working.

Why it is a problem

Economic non-sustainability

Operating a cloud service requires ongoing expenses for the entire duration for which that service is provided. Marketing professionals realize that requiring an ongoing expense from the user for a given product reflects negatively on its perception, and sometimes try to hide this by doing any of the following:

• Offering additional features or service capacity for an additional fee
• Including a limited amount of service with the product purchase
• Withholding the information about cloud services being involved in some of the product's functionality and potentially introducing a subscription fee post-purchase for the product to function fully or at all
  • This often happens after the company that previously offered a cloud service is acquired by another company that isn't as concerned with remaining in good standing with customers of the acquired company

In cases where a product does not provide the ability to choose a service it uses, shutdown of the pre-configured cloud service may cause discontinuation bricking or loss of product features.

Service concentration within cloud computing companies

Because cloud computing providers, which cloud services are often built upon, have to be large in order to offer competitive advantages to their customers (as pertains to this article, particularly product manufacturers), there are very few cloud computing providers in existence. Thus, every one of them operates the infrastructure under a large number of cloud services.

Some of the most famous cloud providers include Amazon Web Services, Microsoft Azure, Google Cloud and Oracle Cloud

While they take great care to ensure their smooth operation, they sometimes fail and cause widespread service disruptions because of the great number of companies relying on their services.^{[citation needed]}

Ineffective access controls

A service provider requires some level of access to the data it processes. Unless access to the service is engineered on consumer's side to minimize such access (e. g. end-to-end encryption), all of the processed data is visible to the service provider, where it can be leaked as a result of a cybersecurity incident or used for purposes to which consumers did not consent (such as included in machine learning datasets^{[citation needed]} or sold to advertising companies^{[citation needed]}).

Providers may offer some access controls for the data they possess and process, but most of the time they are also the ones enforcing them, which renders them ineffective for restricting providers' access due to a conflict of interest. There may be legally binding promises of effectiveness of these controls in the EULA,^{[citation needed - I would have thought ToS would be more typical for cloud services, rather than EULA (more usual for an item than a service)? [Don't really need a citation, if EULA is what they usually use]]} but violations of policies established through these controls are difficult to detect and legal enforcement is generally difficult.

Less legal protection

In the United States, federal limits on gathering evidence mean you are not usually required to supply a password to unlock a device that you have, however others may be compelled to release your data.

Loss of control

Service company can deprive you of your data/services. For example if you lose login credentials, as might happen when a person dies, or your account is stolen, or the service provider terminates the account. (see for example, Microsoft account, Google account).

Examples

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• Data storage and synchronization, where changes to data are propagated to all devices with access to it. Examples include file synchronization services like Dropbox and Google Drive. OneDrive ICloud Mega.io cloud storage service
• Device access, where functions from an internet-connected device can be accessed from another device with an internet connection, possibly very far. This is especially common when a product requires a companion mobile app.
• Software as a service online applications, like Google Workspace, Microsoft Office 365, conferencing, e-mail, Adobe creative cloud, Games as a service
• AI compute (inference) servers which power AI chatbots and agents. (for example, Google Gemini, ChatGPT, Microsoft Copilot)

Further reading

• Self-hosting
• Internet of things